Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report results on determinations of small intestinal brush-border enzyme activities in 22 children (aged 11 months to 14 years) with giardiasis. In particular, activities of disaccharidases (lactase, sucrase, maltase) and of alkaline phosphatase were investigated. Forty-one percent of the patients, irrespective of age, had a demonstrable depression of disaccharidase activities, usually in a combination involving two or more enzymes. A depression of intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity was present in 33% of patients, and only in those who demonstrated disaccharidase deficiencies. Mild villus atrophy was present in two mucosal specimens, whereas all others showed normal villus morphology by light microscopy. The results obtained in this study suggest that giardiasis in otherwise healthy children does not cause marked structural damage to the small bowel mucosa, as seen by the light microscope. However, some form of damage to the brush border does occur frequently, as evidenced by a depression of brush-border enzymes. This damage most likely contributes to the diarrhea and also to the carbohydrate intolerance in these patients.
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PMID:Intestinal disaccharidase and alkaline phosphatase activity in giardiasis. 642 May 34

beta-Galactosidase concentrates obtained from several microorganisms were used to hydrolyze skim milk, low fat (2%) milk, sweet whey, acid whey, acid whey permeate, and acid whey concentrate. Among acid substrates, the freezing point depression for each 1% lactose hydrolyzed was the greatest with the lactase from Aspergillus niger (0.0501 degrees H); among neutral substrates, the depression was greater in sweet whey (0.0495 degree H) and lesser in low fat milk (0.0445 degrees H). All data were statistically significant. The average freezing point depression for each 1% lactose hydrolyzed wa s0.0468 degrees H (range 0.0436-0.0501 degrees H). Oligosaccharides formed in the lactose hydrolysis inconsistent freezing point readings of the cryoscope at the low freezing points measured, and protease contamination in some lactases may affect the precision of freezing point determination. Hydration and volume of non-protein components in commercial enzymes, unstable color complex formed by lactose and methylamine solution, and difficulty in the use of methylamine solution might cause variations in determination of lactose by the analytical procedure. These factors can be eliminated or minimized. This method is the simplest and quickest estimation of lactose hydrolysis, and it offers great accuracy and consistency.
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PMID:Estimation of lactose hydrolysis by freezing point measurements in milk and whey substrates treated with lactases from various microorganisms. 679 59

Investigations by scanning electron microscopy into changes of surface morphology of small bowel mucosa in children with chronic nonspecific diarrhea are reported. The study population comprised 56 patients, ranging in age from 5 months to 7 years; 65% were between 10 and 28 months old, and 64% of the patients were boys. The major findings were: microorganisms on the mucosal surface; excessive extrusion of cell cytoplasm and of enterocytes (cell shedding); presence of excessive mucus on the mucosal surface; damage to the brush border; and partial villous atrophy. The latter lesion was found in only four patients. All these changes are considered pathologic and, for the most part, are presumed to be due to the presence of antigens, in particular, microorganisms. A depression of disaccharidase activities was encountered in 64% of the patients, but prevalence was without regard to age. Most common was a combined depression of lactase, sucrase, and maltase, as well as an isolated depression of lactase. The possibility has to be considered that enteroadherent microorganisms which are usually not considered pathogenic, and microorganisms such as Mycoplasma, may emerge as intestinal pathogens in susceptible children. It is feasible that genetic traits of the host and environmental factors facilitate adherence and colonization of the small bowel mucosa which, in turn, produces chronic diarrhea. Further studies are needed to confirm the preliminary information contained in this report.
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PMID:Chronic nonspecific diarrhea in children: investigation of the surface morphology of small bowel mucosa utilizing the scanning electron microscope. 688 51

The present study examined the effects of dexamethasone on mucosal adaptation after massive small bowel resection. Rats underwent 80% jejunoileal resection or a sham operation and received either vehicle or 128 micrograms.kg-1.day-1 sc dexamethasone for 7 days. Dexamethasone infusion resulted in decreased weight, DNA content, and protein content in the duodenojejunal and ileal mucosa in both sham and resected rats. Sucrase, lactase, and maltase activities (all in mumol.g protein-1.min-1) in the duodenojejunal mucosa were elevated by dexamethasone infusion. By contrast, enzyme activities were elevated only in the ileal mucosa of dexamethasone-infused sham-operated rats compared with sham-operated control rats, and dexamethasone did not elevate enzyme activities in resected rats. We further examined whether the inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on mucosal adaptation may be related to changes in either insulin-like growth factor (IGF) or IGF binding protein (BP) serum levels. Serum IGF-I and IGF-II levels were markedly decreased in dexamethasone-infused resected and sham-operated rats. IGF BP-1 serum levels were elevated by dexamethasone treatment with a concomitant depression in serum IGF BP-2 levels. IGF BP-3 levels were lowered by dexamethasone treatment in sham-operated rats and by gut resection, and serum IGF BP-4 levels did not change. These results suggest that the growth-inhibiting effects of dexamethasone in small intestinal mucosa may be partially mediated by decreased serum IGF levels or by alterations in IGF activity associated with changes in serum levels of IGF BPs.
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PMID:Dexamethasone inhibits mucosal adaptation after small bowel resection. 751 28

The decline in lactase activity during weaning has been well established. However, its molecular mechanism remains to be explored. We studied changes in the expression of lactase in terms of the transcription and translation processes in rat microvillus membrane by Northern blot and Western blot analysis, respectively. To examine the effect of dietary change from a milk to a non-milk diet on the developmental pattern of lactase expression, weaning was prevented by keeping the rats under suckling conditions for 27 days after birth. This treatment only suppressed the extent of decline: while the weanlings showed 17 percent activity compared to that of 4-day-old rats, the prolonged suckling rats showed only 42 percent. The changes in the expression of lactase mRNA and protein were parallel with the change of lactase activity. In other words, the fundamental pattern of significant depression of lactase expression occurred relatively independent of dietary modification. This observation indicates that the regulation of lactase expression is firmly determined at the transcriptional level, and that dietary factor such as the termination of lactose ingestion has only a relatively minor effect.
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PMID:Dietary control of lactase expression in the weaning rat. 888 28

Lactose malabsorption is characterized by a deficiency of mucosal lactase. As a consequence, lactose reaches the colon where it is broken down by bacteria to short-chain fatty acids, CO2, and H2. Bloating, cramps, osmotic diarrhea, and other symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome are the consequence and can be seen in about 50% of lactose malabsorbers. Having made the observation that females with lactose malabsorption not only showed signs of irritable bowel syndrome but also signs of premenstrual syndrome and mental depression, it was of interest to establish whether a statistical correlation existed between lactose malabsorption and mental depression. Thirty female volunteers were analyzed by measuring breath H2 concentrations after an oral dose of 50 g lactose and were classified as normals or lactose malabsorbers according to their breath H2 concentrations. All patients filled out a Beck's depression inventory questionnaire. Of the 30 female volunteers, six were lactose intolerant (20%) and 24 were normal lactose absorbers (80%). Subjects with lactose malabsorption showed a significantly higher score in the Beck's depression inventory than normal lactose absorbers did. The data thus suggest that lactose malabsorption may play a role in the development of mental depression. In lactose malabsorption high intestinal lactose concentrations may interfere with L-tryptophan metabolism and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) availability. Lactose malabsorption should be considered in patients with signs of mental depression.
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PMID:Lactose malabsorption is associated with early signs of mental depression in females: a preliminary report. 982 44

Fructose and lactose malabsorption are characterized by impaired duodenal fructose transport or by the deficiency of mucosal lactase, respectively. As a consequence, the nonabsorbed saccharides reach the colon, where they are broken down by bacteria to short fatty acids, CO2, and H2. Bloating, cramps, osmotic diarrhea, and other symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome are the consequence and can be seen in about 50% of carbohydrate malabsorbers. We have previously shown that fructose as well as lactose malabsorption were associated with signs of mental depression. It was therefore of interest to investigate possible interactions between fructose and lactose malabsorption and their influence on the development of signs of depression. In all, 111 otherwise healthy volunteers (81 females and 30 males) with gastrointestinal complaints were analyzed by measuring breath H2 concentrations after an oral dose of 50 g lactose and of 50 g fructose one week apart. They were classified as normals, isolated fructose malabsorbers, isolated lactose malabsorbers, and combined fructose/lactose malabsorbers. All patients filled out a Beck's depression inventory-questionnaire. Twenty-five individuals (22.5%) were neither fructose nor lactose malabsorbers (group 1), 69 (62.2%) were only fructose malabsorbers (group 2), 4 (3.6%) were only lactose malabsorbers (group 3), and 13 (11.7%) presented with fructose and lactose malabsorption together (group 4). Isolated fructose malabsorption and combined fructose/lactose malabsorption was significantly associated with a higher Beck's depression score. Further analysis of the data show that this association was strong in females (P < 0.01), but there was no such association between carbohydrate malabsorption and early signs of depression in males. In conclusion, the data confirm that fructose malabsorption may play a role in the development of mental depression in females and additional lactose malabsorption seems to further increase the risk for development of mental depression.
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PMID:Carbohydrate malabsorption syndromes and early signs of mental depression in females. 1096

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) affects almost 10% of infants born in the United States. It may be responsible for delayed gastrointestinal function and is an important cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The New Zealand White rabbit provides an optimal model for the study of naturally occurring IUGR. At term, birth weight is determined by fetal position within the bicornuate uterus. The small intestinal disaccharidase enzymes are indicators of bowel maturity and function. To examine potential differences in disaccharidase development between normal and IUGR fetuses, this rabbit model was investigated. Jejunum was harvested at multiple stages in rabbit development including the third trimester fetus, neonate, and adult. Lactase, maltase, and sucrase enzyme activity, as well as total protein content, was determined. Results were analyzed by the 2-tailed t test and ANOVA. Lactase activity appeared in the mid-third trimester, peaked in the early neonatal period, then declined to adult levels. Maltase activity appeared in the early third trimester and gradually rose to adult levels. Sucrase remained at trace levels until the mid-neonatal period, reaching adult levels by weaning. Both lactase and maltase activity were depressed in IUGR fetuses compared with their normal littermates. This pattern of disaccharidase depression continued into the neonatal period until catch-up growth occurred at 2 wk when levels equalized. This report describes differential small intestinal disaccharidase development between normal and growth-retarded rabbit fetuses in a naturally occurring model of IUGR.
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PMID:Delayed disaccharidase development in a rabbit model of intrauterine growth retardation. 1156 97

Review of studies examining the interaction between malnutrition and diarrheal infection with reference to several factors: appetite recovery after diarrhea, comparison of nutrient absorption by etiology, and feeding program during diarrhea. Diarrhea has been found to have the greatest impact on food intake in children--a 40% reduction compared to normal children. On the question of absorption efficiency of ingested food, it was suggested that transit time through the gut was not by itself a reliable indicator of malabsorption. Transient depression of enzymatic activity (with the exception of lactase) as a result of diarrheal infection was not found to greatly affect digestion. Rather, it was found that illness was of shorter duration in fed as compared to nonfed children. Food intake reduction was found to vary according to etiology, as did absorption of nutrients during both the acute and recovery stages. In general carbohydrate absorption was least affected during the acute stage and across all conditions. In diarrhea due to ETEC, absorption of all nutrients was better in the acute stage; however, there was a marked increase in absorption between recovery stage 1 and recovery stage 2 (2 and 8 weeks after recovery, respectively). During the acute stage fat and caloric absorption was significantly less in rotavirus and shigella patients as compared to those suffering from ETEC. Rotavirus infection resulted in a longer period of malabsorption. In shigella, improvements in absorption of all nutrients improved considerably by recovery stage 1. It was concluded that feeding of children is to be encouraged because substantial absorption takes place even during the acute stages of diarrhea.
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PMID:Utilization of nutrients during and after diarrhoea. 1231 85

The aims of the study were to investigate the prevalence of primary lactase deficiency, frequency distribution of lactase activity and the relationship between lactose intake and lactase activity in three ethnic groups resident in Birmingham. Seventy-two white, 103 Indian and 58 Afro-Caribbean adult dyspeptic patients had distal duodenal biopsies taken for disaccharidase assay at endoscopy. Ten percent of whites, 51% Indians and 81% Afro-Caribbeans had primary lactase deficiency (sucrase/lactase ratio > 4). There was a generalized unexplained depression of disaccharidase activities in the Indians. Frequency distribution of lactase activity for the whole population showed a negative skew without evidence of trimodality. Lactose intake and symptoms attributed to lactose were assessed in a subgroup of 20 whites, 20 Indians and 18 Afro-Caribbeans by questionnaire. Lactose intake did not differ between lactase persistent and deficient subjects both within each racial group and between the groups. Diarrhoea, bloating and cramps were not significantly more common in lactase deficient than lactase persistent individuals.
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PMID:Small intestinal lactase status, frequency distribution of enzyme activity and milk intake in a multi-ethnic population. 1684 60


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