Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

For a long time, the sexual behaviour of HIV-infected persons did not receive any serious attention for a variety of reasons. Initially, diagnosis of HIV-infection appeared to imply a death sentence. In this context, the sex life of those infected seemed a secondary issue making prevention focused on sexual behaviour hard to imagine. Furthermore, the conviction that stigmatisation should be avoided also precluded an interest in the sexual behaviour of HIV-infected persons. From an epidemiological perspective and in the context of the developments in the medical treatment of AIDS it is important to address the sexuality of HIV-infected people. The scarce research done until now shows that there are various ways in which an HIV-infection affects people's sexuality. It seems that the sexuality of HIV-infected people can be compromised by their infection, inducing various sexual problems. Research also shows that there are HIV-infected people who do engage in unprotected sex, just as there are HIV-negative people or people with unknown serostatus who do so. Studies into the determinants of unsafe sex in HIV-infected people suggest that to some extent the same determinants are operative as among people in general. These include intention and self-efficacy regarding safe sex. Recreational drug use also affects safe sex regardless of serostatus. However, safe sex as well as sex in general is different for seropositive persons than for people who are seronegative or have an unknown serostatus. Among seropositive people, sex is also related to dilemma's involving disclosing their serostatus to potential sex partners, and their motivation to protect their partners as well as themselves against surinfection and STD. Furthermore, having to cope with a serious disease induces negative mood states (particularly depression) and may compromise sexual functioning. Comprehensive prevention aimed at HIV infected persons should address these various issues and should be an integrated part of general HIV-prevention.
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PMID:HIV-positive people, risk and sexual behaviour. 1079 64

The NMDA subtype of the glutamate-gated channel exhibits a high permeability to Ca(2+). The influx of Ca(2+) through NMDA channels is limited by a rapid and Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent inactivation that results from a competitive displacement of cytoskeleton-binding proteins from the NR1 subunit of the receptor by Ca(2+)/CaM (Zhang et al., 1998; Krupp et al., 1999). The C terminal of this subunit can be phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC) (Tingley et al., 1993). The present study sought to investigate whether PKC regulates Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of the NMDA channel in hippocampal neurons. Activation of endogenous PKC by 4beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate enhanced peak (I(p)) and depressed steady-state (I(ss)) NMDA-evoked currents, resulting in a reduction in the ratio of these currents (I(ss)/I(p)). We demonstrated previously that PKC activity enhances I(P) via a sequential activation of the focal adhesion kinase cell adhesion kinase beta/proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (CAKbeta/Pyk2) and the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src (Huang et al., 1999; Lu et al., 1999). Here, we report that the PKC-induced depression of I(ss) is unrelated to the PKC/CAKbeta/Src-signaling pathway but depends on the concentration of extracellular Ca(2+). Intracellular applications of CaM reduced I(ss)/I(p) and occluded the Ca(2+)-dependent effect of phorbol esters on I(ss.) Moreover, increasing the concentration of intracellular Ca(2+) buffer or intracellular application of the inhibitory CaM-binding peptide (KY9) greatly reduced the phorbol ester-induced depression of I(ss). Taken together, these results suggest that PKC enhances Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent inactivation of the NMDA channel, most likely because of a phosphorylation-dependent regulation of interactions between receptor subunits, CaM, and other postsynaptic density proteins.
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PMID:In CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus protein kinase C regulates calcium-dependent inactivation of NMDA receptors. 1084 14

The pharmacodynamic (PD) interaction between the benzodiazepine agonist midazolam and the alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine was characterized for defined measures of anesthetic action and cardiovascular and ventilatory side effects in 33 rats. For various combinations of constant plasma concentrations of midazolam (0.1-20 microg/ml) and dexmedetomidine (0.3-19 ng/ml) obtained by target-controlled infusion, the whisker reflex (WR), righting reflex (RR), startle reflex to noise (SR), tail clamp response (TC), and corneal reflex (CR) were assessed. EEG (power in 0.5-3.5-Hz frequency band), mean arterial pressure, and heart rate were recorded continuously. Blood gas values and arterial drug concentrations were determined regularly. The nature and extent of PD interaction was quantified by the model parameter synergy (SYN < 0, antagonism; SYN = 0, additivity; and SYN > 0, synergy). With increasing drug concentrations WR was lost first, followed by RR, SR, TC, and CR. These effects were accompanied by an increase of the EEG measure. The drug interaction was synergistic for all stimulus-response measures and the degree of synergy increased with deeper levels of central nervous system depression (SYN was 7.3, 145, 560, 374, and 1490 for WR, RR, SR, TC, and CR, respectively). The cardiovascular side effects of dexmedetomidine, evaluated at similar PD endpoints, were reduced in the presence of midazolam. Ventilatory side effects were minor for all drug combinations. The nature and extent of the PD interactions were not reflected in the EEG measure.
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PMID:Quantification of pharmacodynamic interactions between dexmedetomidine and midazolam in the rat. 1087 32

We present the case of a 55-year-old heterosexual man who had a generalized alopecia and mood changes associated with the antiretroviral protease inhibitor; indinavir within 6 months of use. This was reversed within 3 months of change of therapy to the protease inhibitor, nelfinavir with demonstrable changes in his Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale scores.
Int J STD AIDS 2000 Jul
PMID:Indinavir use: associated reversible hair loss and mood disturbance. 1091 91

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of many causes of electrocardiographic ST segment elevation (STE) in ED chest pain (CP) patients; at times, the electrocardiographic diagnosis may be difficult. Coexistent ST segment depression has been reported to assist in the differentiation of non-infarction causes of STE from AMI-related ST segment elevation. The objective was to determine the effect of AMI diagnosis on the presence of STD among ED CP patients with electrocardiographic STE. Adult CP patients with electrocardiographic STE in at least 2 anatomically distributed leads were reviewed for the presence or absence of ST segment depression in at least 1 lead and separated into 2 groups, both with and without ST segment depression. A comparison of the 2 groups was performed in 2 approaches: all STE patients and then only with STE patients who lacked confounding electrocardiographic pattern (bundle branch block [BBB], left ventricular hypertrophy [LVH], or right ventricular paced rhythm [VPR]). All patients in the study underwent prolonged observation in the ED (at least 8 hours) with 3 serial troponin T determinations and 3 electrocardiograms (ECG). AMI was diagnosed by abnormal serum troponin T values (>0.1 mg/dL); electrocardiographic STE diagnoses of non-AMI causes were determined by medical record review. There were 171 CP patients with STE were entered in the study with 112 (65.5%) individuals show ST segment depression. When considering all study patients, ST segment depression was present at statistically equal rates in AMI and non-AMI situations (P = NS). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the electrocardiographic diagnosis of AMI were 63%, 34%, 30%, and 67%, respectively. Patients with confounding patterns (LVH 46, BBB 19, and VPR 6) were removed from the analysis group, leaving 100 patients for analysis; 38 of these patients had ST segment depression. When considering this group of study patients, ST segment depression was present significantly more often in AMI patients (P <.0001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the electrocardiographic diagnosis of AMI were 69%, 93%, 93%, and 71%, respectively. Clinical diagnoses were as follows: 56 AMI, 50 USAP, and 65 noncoronary syndrome. When all CP patients with electrocardiographic STE are considered, the presence of ST segment depression is not helpful in distinguishing AMI from non-AMI. If one considers only patterns which lack electrocardiographic ST segment depression caused by altered intraventricular conduction, the presence of ST segment depression strongly suggests the diagnosis of AMI. In these cases, reciprocal ST segment depression is of considerable value in establishing the electrocardiographic diagnosis of STE AMI.
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PMID:Reciprocal ST segment depression: impact on the electrocardiographic diagnosis of ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. 1178 11

The aim of the study was to assess adherence with antiretroviral medication in a sample of HIV patients in Hong Kong and identify predictors of adherence. The study used a cross-sectional correlational design. Adherence behaviour was assessed with the use of self-reports. Other scales assessed knowledge with HIV medication, coping, health locus of control, anxiety, depression and fatigue. A blood sample was also obtained to assess CD4+ counts and viral load. Sociodemographic characteristics and medical information were obtained from the medical records. A high adherence rate was found in this sample of 136 predominantly Chinese patients. There were only 13.7% of the patients being classified as non-adherent. Predictors of adherence included high self-efficacy in terms of being certain that the medication schedule will be followed all or most of the time as directed, low tension-anxiety scores, and low intensity of nausea and vomiting (R2=0.304). An expanded regression model revealed additional factors influencing adherence, including coping variables, pain and numbness in the hands and feet, age, disease stage, internal locus of control, fatigue, family support and taking medication twice daily. This model explained 49% of the variance in adherence. The results suggest that adherence is a multidimensional concept. Every effort should be made to assess in individuals those variables found to affect adherence and alter them whenever possible. Continuous support of patients and individualized medication programmes that will help patients adjust their treatment to their lifestyle are recommended.
Int J STD AIDS 2002 May
PMID:Factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral medication in HIV-infected patients. 1197 33

This paper reviews the developing pattern of HIV infection in Thailand with an introduction on basic principles of HIV transmission; a description of the emergence of HIV as a public health threat; a review of the social characteristics of HIV carriers in the context of the sexual culture in Thailand; and ends with a discussion of the dilemmas a developing country faces in dealing with HIV. Thailand is an example of a society where few people have many sex partners, a situation with a faster transmission of HIV than a case where most people have few partners. While Asia has lagged behind other regions in the spread of AIDS, in Thailand HIV has spread rapidly since 1988. Thailand has an illegal but tolerated commercial sex industry, with outlets very diverse in terms of STD control. This industry caters to tourists from other Asian countries, and is maintained by a strong male dominant culture, incomes averaging 25 times higher than other occupations pay, depression in outlying areas encouraging remittance of money back to families, and even status for sex workers in the marriage market. There is an entrenched subculture of intravenous drug injectors who also make up a nucleus of HIV carriers with high prevalence, 43% as of 1988. Some strategies open to the government to control spread of HIV include legalization and control of the sex industry, needle/syringe exchange and health care for drug injectors, social welfare for opium growers in the hills, and political solutions for the conflicts affecting drug traffic in Burma.
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PMID:The social context of the emergence of HIV in Thailand. 1228 37

The physiology of lactation rarely receives adequate scientific attention. Physiologically and biologically, hormonal changes associated with lactation affect sexual function. Moreover, one must consider the direct contraceptive effect of lactation as well as its impact upon other contraceptive methods. Controversy remains over the role of breastfeeding in HIV and other STD transmission. Breastfeeding is more complicated than the readily recognized process during which an infant ingests milk. Lactation and breastfeeding also have psychological implications and effects. For example, society's perception of the role of the female breast and its acceptance of breastfeeding may affect a woman's decision whether to breastfeed as well as the psychosexual relationship which she enjoys with her partner. The sensual aspect of breastfeeding may also cause a breastfeeding mother to feel guilt; an association has been noted between weaning and maternal depression. The author reviews the psychological and physiological effects of breastfeeding upon sexual health, and the interactions of STDs, their treatments, and breastfeeding practices. Further research in these areas is warranted.
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PMID:The implications of breastfeeding on a sexual health practice. 1229 Mar 2

Nitric oxide (NO) is a retrograde messenger involved in the processes of learning and memory. The role of the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in striatal synaptic plasticity was investigated in eNOS-deficient (eNOS(-/-)) and wild type (WT) mice. Tetanic stimulation of cortical afferents in WT mice evoked either long-term potentiation (LTP), or long-term depression (LTD) of cortico-striatal transmission. Both these plasticity related phenomena were NMDA-receptor-dependent; LTD was blocked by sulpiride, a dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. LTP occurrence in slices from eNOS(-/-) mice was significantly reduced when compared with WT mice. The NOS inhibitor NL-ARG reduced the occurrence of LTP and increased the occurrence of LTD in WT mice, resembling the balance of LTP/LTD in eNOS(-/-) mice. Impairment of NO-synthesis thus shifts striatal plasticity towards LTD. This indicates a possible involvement of eNOS from endothelia in neuronal modulation.
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PMID:Cortico-striatal synaptic plasticity in endothelial nitric oxide synthase deficient mice. 1257 25

An increasing number of women with vulval problems and pain attend Olafiaklinikken, the centre for sexually transmitted infection (STI) in Oslo. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of long-standing vulval problems and entry dyspareunia in a consecutive sample of STI-clinic visitors in Oslo. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed before and independent of the consultation. Response rate was 89.6% (502/560). Mean and median age were 25.9 and 24.0 years respectively, range 16-65 years. Vulval soreness, burning, dryness and fissures present for at least three months were reported by 23.1% (116/502), entry dyspareunia by 6.9% (34/494). Independent risk factors for dyspareunia were a history of >/=4 treatments for vulvovaginal candidiasis during the last year, reported by 34.6%, odds ratio (OR) 4.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.81-11.0, and a history of bacterial vaginosis, reported by 42.4%, OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.11-4.92. Contraceptive methods, hygienic habits, a history of STIs, depression or sexual abuse were factors unrelated to longstanding symptoms. Investigation with regard to longstanding vulval problems and entry dyspareunia is required for a certain group of sexually transmitted disease-clinic visitors in Oslo, and referral to a special service for vulva patients would be beneficial for selected patients.
Int J STD AIDS 2003 Dec
PMID:Longstanding vulval problems and entry dyspareunia among STD-clinic visitors in Oslo-results from a cross-sectional study. 1467 85


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