Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chemical dependence is a leading cause of morbidity and death in the United States. At least 20% of patients seen by primary care physicians in both the outpatient and inpatient setting are chemically dependent. Up to 90% of these patients go undiagnosed by their primary physicians. Chemical dependence is defined as a chronic, progressive illness characterized by the repeated and persistent use of alcohol or drugs despite negative health, family, work, financial, or legal consequences. Primary care physicians are in an ideal position to detect chemical dependence at its earliest stages, when irreversible medical consequences and death are most likely preventable. Alcohol is the most common drug of abuse. Improving the rate of recognition of chemical dependence depends on being familiar with the constellation of physical, mental, and social indicators. Early medical manifestations of alcoholism common in the primary care setting include: gastric complaints, elevated blood pressure, palpitations, traumatic injuries, headaches, impotence, and gout. Early psychosocial manifestations common in both alcohol and drug dependence include anxiety, depression, insomnia, persistent relationship conflicts, work or school problems, and financial or legal problems. Particularly useful laboratory indicators of alcoholism include elevated levels of GGT and MCV, both displaying high specificity, with the GGT level being the most sensitive. Similarly specific laboratory tests for drug dependence are not available. Any patient presenting with any of the above medical, psychosocial, or laboratory manifestations should be screened for chemical dependence. The CAGE questionnaire for alcoholism, a four-question test, is particularly well suited to the primary care setting, where it can be administered in fewer than 60 seconds. The CAGE has demonstrated high sensitivity (in the 80% range) and specificity (approximately 85%) for alcoholism. Comparably convenient instruments do not yet exist for drug dependence, although a 28-item instrument, the DAST (Drug Abuse Screening Test), has demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for drug abuse.
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PMID:Early recognition of chemical dependence. 846 47

Non-protein thiols (NP-SH) and the activities of the glutathione status-regulating enzymes gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (G-GCS), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (G-GT) and glutathione reductase (GR) were assessed in perfused rabbit hearts subjected to severe (60 min) or mild (7 min) total ischemia and 30 min reperfusion. Severe ischemia significantly decreased NP-SH, which were further depressed on reperfusion together with a significant decline in G-GCS activity; G-GT and GR activities were unchanged. Specific analytes were unaffected by mild ischemia-reperfusion. Thus, impaired enzymatic biosynthesis of GSH is operative in the reperfused rabbit myocardium after 60 min ischemia. This phenomenon may favour myocardial GSH depression and oxidative reperfusion injury after severe ischemia.
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PMID:Impaired glutathione biosynthesis in the ischemic-reperfused rabbit myocardium. 870 34

Wedelia glauca was administered experimentally to 11 sheep and 4 cattle. The minimum toxic dose for both species was of 4 to 5 g of fresh plant/kg bw. Clinical signs were depression, muscle fasciculations, increased respiratory and cardiac frequencies, opisthotonous, sternal or lateral recumbency and terminal paddling movements. Time of onset of signs ranged from 12 to 40 h after dosing. Serum AST, LDH and GGT were increased. Three cattle and 5 sheep died after clinical manifestation periods of 2 to 18 h, and 2 sheep survived after being affected for 14 and 46 h. Macroscopic and histologic lesions were similar in cattle and sheep; the liver was swollen and dark reddish, and the wall of the gall bladder was edematous. The cavities had yellowish fluid. Petechiae and echymoses were seen on serous membranes. Microscopically the liver had periacinar hemorrhagic necrosis. Two sheep dosed with 1 g/kg bw daily for 20 d and 1 dosed with 1 g/kg bw for 10 d were not affected. Six sheep were transferred from an area free of W glauca to an area where this plant was present. These animals ate small amounts of the plant and lost weight rapidly, but clinical intoxication did not occur. Two sheep were fed with lucerne hay containing 9% W glauca. They ingested 2.5 g/kg of the dry plant (corresponding to 10 g/kg bw of fresh plant) in 24 h, but did not show intoxication. Because the intoxication occurred in sheep and cattle administered 4 to 10 g/kg bw of the plant in a period of 1 to 2 h, the intoxication may only occur when animals ingest a single toxic dose in a short time.
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PMID:Experimental intoxication of sheep and cattle with Wedelia glauca. 872 20

The effects of water-immersion restraint (WIR) stress on lipid peroxide, glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GT) activities in several tissues of rats were investigated. Hepatic and intestinal lipid peroxide levels were increased significantly in the WIR stress group. In both tissues, GSH levels were significantly decreased and gamma-GCS activity was significantly increased. In addition, gamma-GT activities remained unchanged in both tissues following WIR stress. However, lipid peroxide and GSH levels did not change in the stomach and brain in the WIR stress group compared to the control group. These results suggest that lipid peroxidation, but not the depression of GSH synthesis and/or the increase of GSH breakdown may be a factor in hepatic and intestinal GSH reduction following WIR stress.
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PMID:Lipid peroxides, glutathione, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activities in several tissues of rats following water-immersion stress. 905 11

In cattle with hepatic lipidosis, hepatic abscessation, leptospirosis, biliary calculi or fasciolosis, the progression of the disease was studied by serial measurements of serum total bile acid concentrations, plasma glutamate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, 5'-nucleotidase and leucine aminopeptidase activities Terminalia avicennioides and by liver biopsy. Regardless of the cause of the hepatic disease, weight loss, anorexia, dullness and depression were consistent features. Signs of hepatic encephalopathy, such as blindness, head pressing, excitability, ataxia and weakness were less common and, together with pyrexia and jaundice, were grave prognostic signs. Plasma ammonia concentrations were significantly elevated compared to clinically normal cattle, but such changes were not always accompanied by a decline in plasma urea concentrations. In normal, healthy cattle, the plasma ammonia:urea concentration ratio is 9:1 and the plasma ammonia:glucose concentration is 11:1. In hepatic disease, a plasma ammonia:glucose ratio > 40:1 or plasma ammonia:urea ratio > 30:1, particularly with a rising total ketone body concentration and a declining glucose concentration, carried a guarded prognosis. The study suggested that other factors, such as hypokalaemia, alkalosis, short-chain volatile fatty acids, and false and true neuro-transmitters, may be important in the pathogenesis of hepatic coma in cattle.
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PMID:Clinical and pathological studies in cattle with hepatic disease. 909 45

From 1984 through 1992, staff at The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC, Sausalito, California, USA) examined 207 northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) with a condition of unknown etiology called northern elephant seal skin disease (NESSD). The skin lesions were characterized by patchy to extensive alopecia and hyperpigmentation, punctate or coalescing epidermal ulceration, and occasionally, massive skin necrosis. Microscopic lesions included ulcerative dermatitis with hyperkeratosis, squamous metaplasia and atrophy of sebaceous glands. All diseased seals were less than 2 years of age and suffered from emaciation, depression, and dehydration. Mortality from septicemia increased significantly with severity of skin ulceration. Compared to 14 apparently unaffected seals, diseased seals had depressed levels of circulating thyroxine, triiodothyronine, retinol, serum iron, albumin, calcium, and cholesterol. Levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, blood urea nitrogen, and uric acid were elevated. Morphometrically, diseased animals were approximately 15% smaller than normal seals of the same sage. Serum and blubber concentrations of 36 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (sigma PCB) and dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) were negatively correlated with body mass. Mean concentrations of sigma PCB and p,p'-DDE in serum in diseased seals were elevated as compared to apparently normal seals. Etiology of this syndrome remains unknown, but the possibility of PCB toxicosis cannot be ruled out.
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PMID:Clinical and pathological characterization of northern elephant seal skin disease. 924 88

In 1987, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health conducted a cross-sectional medical study to examine the long-term health effects of occupational exposure to chemicals and materials contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). This study compared living workers employed more than 15 years earlier in the production of sodium trichlorophenol (NaTCP), and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic ester (2,4,5-T ester) with an unexposed comparison group. Health status of the worker and comparison populations was collected through a comprehensive set of standardized interviews and medical examinations. Lipid adjusted serum TCDD levels were also measured. Workers had a statistically significantly elevated mean serum lipid-adjusted TCDD level (workers = 220 pg per g of lipid [range = not detected-3,400 pg per g of lipid], and referents 7 pg per g of lipid [range not detected-20 pg per g of lipid], P < 0.001). Compared to a community-based referent population, the prevalence of chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral neuropathy, depression, cardiovascular outcomes (myocardial infarction, angina, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, and abnormal peripheral arterial flow), abnormal porphyrin levels, and abnormal ventilatory function parameters FEV1.0, FVC, or FEV1.0/FVC% in workers, was not statistically significantly different. In contrast, relationships were observed between serum 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels and the enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), the reproductive hormones serum testosterone, luteinizing, and follicle-stimulating hormones, and abnormal high-density lipoprotein concentration, counts of CD3/Ta1 cells (helper lymphocytes), and fasting serum glucose levels. Current diagnosis of chloracne was associated with the highest levels of serum 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Analysis of other endpoints continues.
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PMID:Review and update of the results of the NIOSH medical study of workers exposed to chemicals contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. 950 33

During the study's first stage, 284 homeless people from crisis and long-term accommodation sites were surveyed using stratified, systematic sampling. The second stage involved a survey of a convenience sample of 100 homeless people from squats and the streets. Participants completed a questionnaire, Mantoux testing was performed and blood taken for gamma-interferon assay, liver and renal function tests. The group's health status was poor, with 72% experiencing medical conditions in the preceding two years and 77% symptoms in the month prior to interview. Bronchitis, asthma and gastroenteritis were the most commonly reported conditions; productive and persistent coughing, shortness of breath and wheezing the commonest symptoms. Twenty-one per cent had Mantoux reactions 15 mm or greater, 28% a raised GGT and 19% a raised ALT. Seventy-seven per cent smoked, 74% were current drinkers, 28% had injected drugs at some time in their lives and 14% were regularly injecting drugs. Forty-four per cent had experienced mental illness, 49% of whom reported depression and 15% schizophrenia. Homeless people in Melbourne have poor health status and engage in behaviours that place their health at risk. The high number of respiratory and gastro-intestinal complaints, the high level of cigarette smoking and injecting drug use (IDU) and the proportion likely to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) are all issues with important health consequences. Participants recruited from the street had significantly poorer health and engaged in more risk behaviours than those from accommodation sites; those from the accommodated sample were more likely to be infected with Mtb.
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PMID:Health indicators and risks among people experiencing homelessness in Melbourne, 1995-1996. 965 74

Three red kangaroos (Megaleira rufus), an adult male, an adult female, and a yearling, were exposed in bedding and food to coastal bermuda hay that contained the toxic plant Lantana camara. The adult male exhibited signs of anorexia, depression, lethargy, and jaundice. The adult female was presented dead. After 1 wk, following exposure to sunlight, the adult male and a yearling joey developed exudative dermatitis of the ear margins, eyelids, muzzle, and scrotum and opacity of the corneas. The adult male had a leucocytosis, anemia, bilirubinemia, bilirubinuria, hyperproteinemia, and elevated alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, and bile acid serum levels. Postmortem examination of the adult male revealed jaundice, and the liver was swollen, mottled, and pale yellow to reddish yellow. The gall bladder was markedly distended. Histopathologically, there was hepatocellular enlargement with vesiculation of the nuclei and sporadic feathery degeneration of the cytoplasm. The yearling joey survived and was treated symptomatically with i.v. fluids and antibiotics. The history, clinical signs, diagnostic findings, necropsy findings, and exposure to the toxic plant Lantana camara support the diagnosis of secondary photosensitization and hepatoxicity.
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PMID:Hepatotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in a red kangaroo (Megaleia rufus) due to ingestion of Lantana camara. 973 38

Myoporum laetum was collected in the counties of Rio Grande and Capao do Leao in winter and in Santa Vitoria in summer, autumn, winter and spring, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and in the Department of Rocha, Uruguay, in winter and spring. The fresh green leaves were fed to 16 calves. Two calves that ingested the plant from Capao do Leao at 40 and 44 g/kg bw did not develop clinical signs. The other 14 calves had depression, abdominal pain, ruminal atony, ocular and nasal serous discharge, and dry feces with blood and mucus. Four calves developed icterus. First signs appeared 24-72 h after ingestion, and clinical period varied from 2 to 7 d. One animal had mild photosensitization. Calves dosed with 20 g/kg of plant from Santa Vitoria and 40 g/kg of plant from Uruguay had less severe clinical signs. All cattle recovered except 1 dosed with 40 g/kg of plant collected in winter in Santa Vitoria; it died 70 h after ingestion. Histologic lesions in the liver of this animal and in biopsies obtained 48 h after dosing other calves had centrilobular necrosis, sometimes extending to the midzonal region. Clinical signs and hepatic lesions were also observed in a calf dosed with 5 daily doses at 8 g/kg. Serum AST, GGT and bilirubin were increased. M laetum from Santa Vitoria was the most toxic for cattle, and the plant from Uruguay was the least toxic, suggesting variations in toxicity among plants from different regions.
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PMID:Experimental intoxication by Myoporum laetum in cattle. 977 63


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