Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The interaction of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) with 5-hydroxytryptamine4 (5-HT4) receptors and/or with melatonin receptors (ML1, ML2 sites) has been assessed in isolated strips of the guinea-pig proximal colon. In the same preparation, the pharmacological profile of a series of melatonin agonists (2-iodomelatonin, 6-chloromelatonin, N-acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (N-acetyl-5-HT), 5-methoxycarbonylamino-N-acetyltryptamine (5-MCA-NAT)) was investigated. 2. In the presence of 5-HT1/2/3 receptor blockade with methysergide (1 microM) and ondansetron (10 microM), melatonin (0.1 nM-10 microM), 5-HT (1 nM-1 microM) and the 5-HT4 receptor agonist, 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeOT: 1 nM-1 microM) caused concentration-dependent contractile responses. 5-HT and 5-MeOT acted as full agonists with a potency (-log EC50) of 7.8 and 8.0, respectively. The potency value for melatonin was 8.7, but its maximum effect was only 58% of that elicited by 5-HT. 3. Melatonin responses were resistant to atropine (0.1 microM), tetrodotoxin (0.3 microM), and to blockade of 5-HT4 receptors by SDZ 205,557 (0.3 microM) and GR 125487 (3, 30 and 300 nM). The latter antagonist (3 nM) inhibited 5-HT-induced contractions with an apparent pA2 value of 9.6 GR 125487 antagonism was associated with 30% reduction of the 5-HT response maximum. Contractions elicited by 5-HT were not modified when melatonin (1 and 10 nM) was used as an antagonist. 4. Like melatonin, the four melatonin analogues concentration-dependently contracted colonic strips. The rank order of agonist potency was: 2-iodomelatonin (10.8) > 6-chloromelatonin (9.9) > or = N-acetyl-5-HT (9.8) > or = 5-MCA-NAT (9.6) > melatonin (8.7), an order typical for ML2 sites. In comparison with the other agonists, 5-MCA-NAT had the highest intrinsic activity. 5. The melatonin ML1B receptor antagonist luzindole (0.3, 1 and 3 microM) had no effect on the concentration-response curve to melatonin. Prazosin, an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist possessing moderate/ high affinity for melatonin ML2 sites did not affect melatonin-induced contractions at 0.1 microM. Higher prazosin concentrations (0.3 and 1 microM) caused a non-concentration-dependent depression of the maximal response to melatonin without changing its potency. Prazosin (0.1 and 1 microM) showed a similar depressant behaviour towards the contractile responses to 5-MCA-NAT. 6. In the guinea-pig proximal colon, melatonin despite some structural similarity with the 5-HT4 receptor agonist 5-MeOT, does not interact with 5-HT4 receptors (or with 5-HT1/2/3 receptors). As indicated by the rank order of agonist potencies and by the inefficacy of luzindole, the most likely sites of action of melatonin are postjunctional ML2 receptors. However, this assumption could not be corroborated with the use of prazosin as this 'ML2 receptor antagonist' showed only a non-concentration-dependent depression of the maximal contractile response to both melatonin and 5-MCA-NAT. Further investigation with the use of truly selective antagonists at melatonin ML2 receptors is required to clarify this issue.
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PMID:Investigation into the contractile response of melatonin in the guinea-pig isolated proximal colon: the role of 5-HT4 and melatonin receptors. 928 17

Biases in incidental memory for self-referent adjectives and intentional memory were compared across nondysphoric (ND; n=48), experimentally induced dysphoric (EXP; n=49), and naturally dysphoric (NAT; n=48) individuals. Negative biases, "evenhandedness", and positive biases were demonstrated among NAT, EXP and ND participants, respectively, in terms of incidental memory. Correlation analyses suggested that the effects of cognitive style (self-esteem, dysfunctional attitudes, and attributional style) are limited to negative stimuli. Memory for incidental positive stimuli was only predicted by state affect. Groups did not differ in performance on an intentional memory task. Implications for network and schema models of depression are explored.
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PMID:Mood congruent memory in dysphoria: the roles of state affect and cognitive style. 1632 61

Impairment in decision-making is frequently observed in suicide attempters. Little is known, however, about neural circuitry underlying decision-making in adolescent attempters. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess decision-making and learning-related neural activity during Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) performance in adolescents with depression and suicide attempt (ATT, n=15), non-attempters with depression (NAT, n=14), and healthy controls (HC, n=13). ATT performed best on the IGT. A three group by two condition (high-risk versus low-risk) by three IGT block (each of 20 cards) whole-brain analysis (p<0.05, corrected) interaction was found in the left hippocampal, frontal and temporal cortical, striatal and thalamic regions. Post-hoc analyses revealed that during low-risk decisions in blocks 2 and 3, NAT, but not ATT, showed greater left hippocampal activation versus HC (p=0.0004, p=0.003); in block 2, during low-risk decisions NAT showed greater left middle temporal gyral activation versus HC (p=0.003); in block 3, during high-risk decisions ATT showed less activation in the right thalamus versus NAT (p=0.001) and during low risk decisions ATT showed greater activation than HC in the left caudate (p=0.002). NAT, but not ATT are differentiated from HC during performance of the IGT. Functional abnormalities in neural circuitry implicated in learning in the context of risk may underlie risk for MDD, but not risk for suicide attempt, in adolescence.
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PMID:Preserved hippocampal function during learning in the context of risk in adolescent suicide attempt. 2315 78

The pigment cells form the largest population of neural crest cells to migrate into the epidermis and hair follicle along each dermatomic area from the neural folds. The melanopsin system responsible for photoentrainment, was isolated from the photosensitive dermal melanophores of frogs Xenopus laevis responding to light. Melanocytes form a photoresponsive network which reads the environmental seasonal variations in the light cycles in the same manner. The present work was undertaken to study the organization of this system by: I. Experimental assessment of photoresponse and II. Evidence of an organized system of photoreception in the skin. Melanocytes, in whole skin organ cultures and epidermal strips, from margin of vitiligo in G2 phase show prominent dendricity, and express pigment, biogenic amines and hormones on UV exposure. The photoresponse depends on the photosensitive enzymes NAT/HIOMT and dopaoxidase. Melanocytes interact with adjacent keratinocytes, dermal capillaries, and nerve endings. The melanocyte network reads the diurnal and seasonal photophase by the melatonin/serotonin switch like the pineal. Sleep disorders and winter depression are corrected by phototherapy utilising this mechanism. Melanocytes showing photoactivity, aplasia, hypoplasia and hyperplasia, and interactive keratinocytes occupy the trigeminal, brachial and lumbosacral dermatomes, zones of high embryonic induction, forming an ectodermal placodal system. Melanin units and hair follicles serve as photoreceptors. Migration of active melanocytes to defined areas is evident in pigment patterns in guinea pigs. This study identifies defined photoreceptor melanocyte/epidermal domains which read the seasonal photophase and control the sleep waking cycle in response to the environmental light. I. Whole skin organ cultures, and epidermal strips from margin of vitiligo in G2 phase are exposed to UV and IR to study sequential and dose response of marginal melanocytes, using histochemistry, immunohistochemistry to assess pigment, biogenic amines and hormones on UV exposure. II. Dermatomic Distributions: Detailed maps of melanocyte photoresponse in 356 biopsies, lesions in 297 vitiligo, 100 melanosis, 165 melanomas 142 leprosy and 442 basal cell/keratinocytes lesions were assessed for patterns of dermatomic distribution. Embryonal melanocyte migration along dermatomes was assessed in 285 guinea pigs from an inbred colony having black, brown and white patches.
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PMID:The melanocyte photosensory system in the human skin. 2380 11

Objective. To validate NAT (NETER's alcoholic typology), taking into account the differentiated distribution of the measures used as external criteria in alcohol-dependent sub-groups and its relationship with Lesch's alcoholic typology (LAT). Method. A sample of 133 alcohol-dependent patients integrated in the alcoholism unit of the Psychiatric Service of Santa Maria University Hospital were included in the study. Results and Conclusions. Convergent validity was assured by the agreement between the subtypes of the two typologies (NAT and Lesch), considering the same underlying model of alcoholism development: anxiopathic subtype of NAT and Type II (model of anxiety, alcohol as conflict solution) of Lesch and the tymopathic subtype of NAT and type III (model of depression, alcohol as antidepressant) of Lesch. Discriminant analysis (external criteria) showed significant differences between the subtypes in the following variables: gender; tobacco; beer and whisky consumption; daily average of drinks; clinical conditions such as delirium tremens, alcoholic blackouts and seizures; severity of alcohol-related problems; psychological dimensions such as psychological maturity and extroversion; and suicidal ideation during the alcohol consumption period. A more exhaustive description of alcoholic sub-groups may improve genetic studies of alcoholism and provide the alcoholic patient with an adequate specific therapeutic protocol.
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PMID:NETER 1 alcoholic 5 subtypes: Validity with Lesch four evolutionary subtypes. 2491 98

A recent study (FIBROWALK has supported the effectiveness of a multicomponent treatment based on pain neuroscience education (PNE), exercise therapy (TE), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and mindfulness in patients with fibromyalgia. The aim of the present RCT was: (a) to analyze the effectiveness of a 12-week multicomponent treatment (nature activity therapy for fibromyalgia, NAT-FM) based on the same therapeutic components described above plus nature exposure to maximize improvements in functional impairment (primary outcome), as well as pain, fatigue, anxiety-depression, physical functioning, positive and negative affect, self-esteem, and perceived stress (secondary outcomes), and kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing thoughts, personal perceived competence, and cognitive emotion regulation (process variables) compared with treatment as usual (TAU); (b) to preliminarily assess the effects of the nature-based activities included (yoga, Nordic walking, nature photography, and Shinrin Yoku); and (c) to examine whether the positive effects of TAU + NAT-FM on primary and secondary outcomes at post-treatment were mediated through baseline to six-week changes in process variables. A total of 169 FM patients were randomized into two study arms: TAU + NAT-FM vs. TAU alone. Data were collected at baseline, at six-week of treatment, at post-treatment, and throughout treatment by ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Using an intention to treat (ITT) approach, linear mixed-effects models and mediational models through path analyses were computed. Overall, TAU + NAT-FM was significantly more effective than TAU at posttreatment for the primary and secondary outcomes evaluated, as well as for the process variables. Moderate-to-large effect sizes were achieved at six-weeks for functional impairment, anxiety, kinesiophobia, perceived competence, and positive reappraisal. The number needed to treat (NNT) was 3 (95%CI = 1.6-3.2). The nature activities yielded an improvement in affective valence, arousal, dominance, fatigue, pain, stress, and self-efficacy. Kinesiophobia and perceived competence were the mediators that could explain a significant part of the improvements obtained with TAU + NAT-FM treatment. TAU + NAT-FM is an effective co-adjuvant multicomponent treatment for improving FM-related symptoms.
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PMID:Effectiveness of a Multicomponent Treatment for Fibromyalgia Based on Pain Neuroscience Education, Exercise Therapy, Psychological Support, and Nature Exposure (NAT-FM): A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial. 3308 Oct 69