Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Changes in MAO activity after hypophysectomy (HX) are not due to adrenal insufficiency. ACTH failed to reverse the effects of HX and enhanced the depression of cardiac and spleenic MAO. The data suggests both facilitatory and inhibitory effects of pituitary hormones on MAO activity.
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PMID:Effects of hypophysectomy, bilateral adrenalectomy and hormone replacement therapy upon organ monoamine oxidase activity. 17 Jan 28

The effectiveness of estrogen therapy for alleviating severe depressions was investigated in a double blind study in which large doses of estrogen were administered to 15 premenopausal and 8 postmenopausal women and placebos were administered to 12 premenopausal and 5 postmenopausal women. The estrogens and placebos were administered over a three month period, and the women were blind rated each week by psychologists and psychiatrists using Hamilton rating scales for depression. There was a significant decline in the depression scores for the group treated with estrogens when compared to the placebo treated group. Considerable variation in the degree of improvement for the women in the estrogen treated group was observed. These variations were not related to age or to menstrual status but were significantly related to depression duration. Women with shorter histories of depression were more likely to show improvement than women with longer illness durations. Efforts were also made to understand the physiological mechanisms through which estrogen treatment contributed toward reducing depression. Previous studies revealed that decreased availability of norepinephrine at the central adrenegic receptor sites in the brain was related to the manifestation of depression while increased availability of norepinephrine at these sites was ralated to a manifestation of elation. Increased availability of norepinephrine has been shown to be related to an inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity (MAO), and estrogen, in turn, has been demonstrated to inhibit MAO activity. During the 3 month study period, 2 blood samples were obtained from the women every week and analyzed for MAO activity. All patients had elevated levels of plasma MAO activity prior to treatment. In estrogen treated patients, MAO levels declined significantly; MAO levels unexplicably increased for the placebo treated group. Reduced MAO activity was not, however, significantly correlated with lower depression ratings. In determining the risk/benefit ratio of estrogen therapy both the risk of developing endometrial cancer and the risks of life long disability and suicide stemming from severe depression should be considered. Tables show 1) mean depression ratings and average MAO activity levels before and after treatment for the estrogen and placebo treated groups and 2) degree of change in depression ratings before and after treatment for both groups of women.
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PMID:Estrogen therapy for severe persistent depressions in women. 21 2

Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep measures were examined in 56 drug-free hospitalized patients with primary depression as defined by the Research Diagnostic Criteria. The group included 35 females and 21 males with a mean age of 42.6 +/- 1.4 years. Platelet MAO and EEG sleep data were compared for the group as a whole and separately for the unipolar, bipolar, male, and female subgroups. No significant relationships could be demonstrated for the entire group or for the unipolar, male, or female subgroups. However, an inverse relationship between MAO activity and REM sleep percent was noted in the bipolar subgroup (p < 0.02). While changes in REM sleep have been relatively firmly established in primary depression, the relationship of MAO to depression and to REM sleep remains unclear.
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PMID:MAO activity and EEG sleep in primary depression. 23 58

The general pharmacological properties of 1-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-cyclohexan-1-ol (tramadol; Tramal) are described and compared with those of other strong narcotic analgetics. In behavioral studies tramadol in high doses had a primarily stimulating effect in mice and rats and a sedative effect in rabbits and dogs. The Straub tail phenomenon, a reaction typical for mice administered morphine, was observed only after subtoxic doses of tramadol. In i.v. doses tramadol generally caused a weak central inhibition of non-stimulated and electrically stimulated brain activity in unanesthetized rabbits. Muscle tone and motor coordination in rats and mice were only slightly affected by the drug, in contrast to the effect of morphine. Unlike other strong analgesics tramadol in doses of 5--20 mg/kg i.v. did not cause respiratory depression and even clearly increased respiratory volume and rate in conscious rabbits and anesthetized dogs. In cats and dogs i.v. doses of tramadol up to 10 mg/kg were well tolerated in the cardiovascular system. Tramadol has a slight, papaverine-like spasmolytic effect and no effect on gastrointestinal motility or urinary and electrolyte excretion. The drug showed no antipyretic properties in rabbits. It inhibited edema in rats and guinea pigs but had no antiproliferative effect in the cotton pellet test in rats. Tramadol did not inhibit monoamine oxidase activity or cause enzyme induction in the rat liver.
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PMID:[General pharmacological studies on tramadol, a potent analgetic agent (author's transl)]. 30 47

Tandamine (AY-23,946)- a new norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with practically no serotonin potentiation, MAO inhibition and anticholinergic activity-was administered in doses from 75 to 200 mg to a group of 20 hospitalized depressed patients. Weekly clinical evaluation including the ECDEU global score. Hamilton score and Zung self-rating score demonstrated a slight improvement which became statistically significant between the 1st and 2nd weeks of therapy. While the 'thymoleptic' properties of the drug were weak, a pronouned 'activating/stimulatory' effect of the drug was noted. Psychometric tests showed an increase in attention, concentration and psychomotor activity as well as an improvement in FPI personality dimensions 'depression' and 'inhibition', while the Taylor anxiety score did not reveal any changes. Digital computer period analysis of the EEG demonstrated, 6 h after oral administration of 50 mg tandamine, a decrease of slow waves, a significant increase of fast activity as well as a significant attenuation of the amplitude variability. Such changes are reminiscent of the pharmaco-EEG profile of psychostimulatory drugs and may represent the neurophysiological correlate for the activating/stimulatory properties of tandamine. Our finding suggest that the well-tolerated drug may be of some benefit for retarded depressions.
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PMID:Tandamine--a new norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Clinical, psychometric and quantitative EEG studies in depressed patients. 33 86

Imipramine and phenelzine were ineffective in the treatment of five primary unipolar depressives with delusions, even when plasma levels of imipramine and desmethylimipramine or activity of platelet monoamine oxidase suggested that an adequate dose of drug had been given. Four patients went on to receive ECT and all responded well. Five non-delusional patients responded satisfactorily to the antidepressant drug given. Nine out of ten subjects were women. Non-delusional patients showed some placebo response. ECT is considered to be the treatment of choice in the acute phase of delusional depression in women.
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PMID:Antidepressant drug therapy in psychotic depression. 33 82

Lithium carbonate has established itself as an effective therapeutic agent in primary affective disorders. As not all the patients with primary affective disorders respond to lithium therapy, it is necessary to identify responders prior to treatment. The important indicators of favourable lithium response include a definitive diagnosis of primary affective disorder, occurrence of less than four episodes of mania and depression within one year, psychotic features during both manic as well as depressive episodes, "grandiose-elated" picture during manic episodes; a family history of bipolar illness and response of affected family members to lithium treatment. While those with more than four episodes are not likely to respond to lithium therapy, those with episodes less frequent than once a year or two may not need prophylactic lithium. Among the depressed, hypersomnic depressed patients respond to lithium combined with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. In addition to clinical predictors of response to lithium treatment, there are a number of pharmacokinetic, neurophysiological and biochemical indices which have been employed as supplementary predictors of response to lithium therapy.
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PMID:Prediction of lithium response in affective disorders. 34 5

The authors treated 19 depressive inpatients double-blind with a mean dose of 78 mg/day of phenelzine for 3 weeks to determine the possible relationship between monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition and the effectiveness of phenelzine. Clinical ratings made on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the SCL-90 indicated a minimum of 60% MAO inhibition had to be achieved for the drug to be consistently beneficial.
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PMID:Inhibition of platelet monoamine oxidase in depressed subjects treated with phenelzine. 34 26

There is renewed interest in the clinical pharmacology of phenelzine sulfate and other monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Newer clinical and analytic techniques recently have been applied to investigations of this class of drugs in man. The results show that drugs such as phenelzine are effective in nonendogenous depression and phobic disorders. Clinical response to phenelzine is related to platelet MAO inhibition and dosage per unit body weight. High percent MAO inhibition in platelets at two weeks is associated with greater improvement after a six-week course of treatment. Our data show that a safe, effective phenelzine dose in 1 mg/kg body weight per day. These results have delineated the pharmacologic and therapeutic effects of phenelzine and support a continuing role for MAO inhibitors in psychopharmacology.
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PMID:Clinical pharmacology of phenelzine. 36 27

In the last 20 years, the treatment of mood disorders has advanced immeasurably. We now have relatively safe and effective agents for the treatment of depression and mania. This review discusses two types of agents that elevate mood--tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors--including the indications for their use and their modes of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects, and drug interactions.
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PMID:Series on pharmacology in practice: 1. Drugs that alter mood. I. Tricyclic agents and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. 37 90


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