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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Classic studies of the cerebellum before the middle of the twentieth century established the structural entity of the cerebellum and characterized its function as enabling animals and humans to carry out smooth and accurate movements, even at a high speed and without visual feedback. In the 1960s, neuronal circuit structures of the cerebellum were analyzed in detail, which promoted computational approaches toward the study of neuronal network principles of the cerebellum. In the 1970s and 1980s, vestibulo-ocular reflex adaptation, adaptive locomotion, eye blink conditioning, and learning in hand/arm movement were established as effective experimental paradigms for investigating neural mechanisms of cerebellar functions. In the 1980s, long-term depression (LTD) was discovered and considered as a memory process in the cerebellum; in the 1990s, complex signal transduction processes underlying LTD were revealed. It was also in the 1980s that computational approaches were advanced for modeling control system functions of the cerebellum. Currently, there are two alternative models proposed for VOR adaptation. In this decade, we envisage new developments toward the fusion of knowledge of the cerebellum at molecular and cellular levels and those in systems and computation. Studies of LTD will play a key role in pursuing this direction.
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PMID:Historical review of the significance of the cerebellum and the role of Purkinje cells in motor learning. 1258 60

The delta-2 subunit of the glutamate receptor delta subfamily is selectively localised in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Delta-2 knock-out mice have defects in Purkinje cell synapse formation, as well as cerebellar long- term depression. In order to elucidate the roles of neural transmission around Purkinje cells in vestibular compensation, the gain and phase of the vestibulo-ocular reflex were measured before and after unilateral vestibular differentiation in delta-2 knock-out mice. After unilateral injury of the inner ear, gain decreased and then recovered in both knock-out mice and wild-type mice. However, recovery of VOR gain after unilateral vestibular differentiation was slower in knock-out mice than in wild-type mice. The knock-out mice displayed lower VOR gain than wild-type mice during the period between the 1st and the 2nd postoperative weeks. The results suggest that the cerebellum is necessary for augmentation of vestibulo-ocular reflex gain during the partially compensated stage of vestibular compensation after unilateral vestibular differentiation.
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PMID:Vestibular compensation in glutamate receptor delta-2 subunit knockout mice: dynamic property of vestibulo-ocular reflex. 1285 30