Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studies of rabies virus in several animal models consistently showed hypothalamic infection, hypophyseal infection, dramatic growth impairment (in the form of failure to thrive), wasting syndrome, and immune depletion. Rabies virus infection was studied through routine monoclonal antinucleocapsid antibody immunofluorescence and through a peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoperoxidase method. The latter was modified to detect the in situ production of growth hormone by uninfected and rabies virus-infected adeno-a-pituicytes (with confirmation of the results both in vivo and in vitro). Infection with rabies virus made the specialized pituicytes produce less growth hormone. Growth before rabies virus infection and its reduction due to infection were investigated in a linear regression model. The fit was statistically significant (P less than .05) in all species studied: mouse, rat, rabbit, cow, and cat. Immune depression was studied in terms of alterations in the immunotopography of the thymus and also the specific T- and B-cell homing areas of the spleen (although spleen data are not presented here). On the basis of these results and a thorough review of wasting syndromes encountered in other diseases, a primary failure to thrive and an ensuing wasting syndrome were described and characterized for rabies, and their origin was assigned to a dysfunction of the hypophyseal/hypothalamic/thymic axis associated with at least (but not necessarily only) one of the centrally controlled growth hormones.
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PMID:Failure to thrive, wasting syndrome, and immunodeficiency in rabies: a hypophyseal/hypothalamic/thymic axis effect of rabies virus. 320 86

To better understand the process of time-related functional deterioration which occurs in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), we examined the effects of in vitro storage on multiple functional parameters of human PMNs. Single-donor, phlebotomy-collected PMNs were stored at both room temperature and 37 degrees C for 24 and 48 h, then compared to fresh cells from the same donor. Similar numbers of cells were recovered from each storage condition. Cell viability decreased after 37 degrees C storage for 48 h. Cells stored at room temperature for 24 h showed significant depression of multiple functions (bactericidal activity, chemotaxis, aggregation, superoxide production, and oxygen consumption) compared to fresh cells. They contained less vitamin B12 binding protein activity than fresh cells, and by fluorescence-activated cell-sorter analysis, their forward light scatter and membrane depolarization responses were abnormal. For all parameters examined, cells stored at 37 degrees C were more abnormal than cells stored at room temperature. Stored cells from a patient with myeloperoxidase deficiency lost bactericidal and chemotactic activity after storage at 37 degrees C for 24 h, but cells from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease retained their original bactericidal and chemotactic activity after 37 degrees C storage for 24 h. Radiation, in doses used to prevent graft vs. host disease in leukocyte-transfusion recipients (2500-5000 rads) caused a significant decrease in the mean percentage of continuous flow centrifugation leukapheresis (CFCL) collected PMNs capable of reducing nitroblue tetrazolium. Human PMNs show deterioration of multiple in vitro functions when they are stored and are susceptible to damage by radiation when they are collected by CFCL.
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PMID:Effects of storage and radiation on human neutrophil function in vitro. 369 76

The effects of the xenobiotics, i.e. butylated hydroxytoluene, beta-naphthoflavone, isosafrole, pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile, trans-stilbene oxide, 3-methylcholanthrene, phenobarbital, 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl, on rat liver cytosolic glutathione transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities have been investigated. Although the glutathione transferase isozymes (measured by the specific substrates ethacrynic acid and delta 5-androstene-3,17-dione) which have been shown to possess peroxidase activity were significantly increased, little or no increase in peroxidase activity (toward cumene hydroperoxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide or hydrogen peroxide) was observed. Likewise during a 16-day time course following the administration of Aroclor 1254 or fireMaster BP-6 (each 500 mg/kg, i.p.), potent induction of glutathione transferase activities was seen without any significant increases in peroxidase activities. In fact during the second week of the time course, there were significant decreases in selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity (toward hydrogen peroxide). The inverse regulation of these activities, i.e. the depression of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity following sustained induction of glutathione transferases, may have direct implications for the toxicity of the polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons.
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PMID:Differential regulation of hepatic glutathione transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the rat. 405 12

Although previous workers have established that the pH of the phagocytic vacuole of the polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte changes from neutral to acid, the time course of conversion has not been investigated. The present experiments were initiated to study pH changes immediately after phagocytosis. Peritoneal exudates were induced in rats; 4 h later, yeast stained with pH indicators was injected intraperitoneally, and the exudate was retrieved at 30-s intervals and examined by light microscopy. Results revealed that (a) within 3 min, pH dropped to approximately 6.5, as indicated by the change in color of neutral red-stained yeast; (b) within 7-15 min, pH dropped progressively to approximately 4.0, as indicated by color change in bromcresol green-stained yeast; (c) pH did not fall below 4, since no color change was observed up to 24 h when bromphenol blue-stained yeast was used. The finding that intravacuolar acidity increases rapidly after phagocytosis is undoubtedly important with respect to PMN leukocyte function in killing and digesting microorganisms, for many PMN leukocyte granule enzymes (i.e., peroxidase and lysosomal enzymes) are activated at acid pH ( approximately 4.5). It follows that temporal changes in pH and maximal pH depression should be considered in studies of intraleukocytic microbicidal mechanisms, since a defect in these factors could result in impaired PMN leukocyte function.
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PMID:Temporal changes in pH within the phagocytic vacuole of the polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte. 411 90

When rat kidney slices were incubated in the presence of horseradish peroxidase, there was an energy-dependent uptake of the protein by the cells of the kidney tubules. The uptake was greatest in the proximal convoluted tubules and in the thick ascending limbs of the loops of Henle; it was abolished by cold, anoxia, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and fluoroacetate, and was more readily depressed by unfavorable metabolic conditions in the proximal convoluted tubules than in the thick ascending limbs. Protein uptake was inhibited when the kidney slices were incubated in electrolyte-free media. In sodium chloride solutions, uptake was reduced as sodium was progressively replaced by choline, and ouabain inhibited uptake in the proximal convoluted tubules, but not in the thick ascending limbs. To a limited extent, lithium could replace sodium in the incubation medium with no depression of peroxidase uptake. These results suggest that a sodium-stimulated, ouabain-sensitive ATPase may be involved in the uptake of protein by cells of the kidney tubule. The intracellular transport of peroxidase in cells of the proximal convoluted tubules was abolished by cold, anoxia, and 2,4-dinitrophenol, but it was not affected by concentrations of ouabain which inhibited the uptake of the protein.
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PMID:Histochemical studies on the uptake of horseradish peroxidase by rat kidney slices. 588 29

Polymorphonuclear leucocytes function--Gey mobility, chemotaxis, NBT and myeloperoxidases--was studied in 29 patients with active viral infection and after clinic recuperation: 19 mumps meningitis, five measles, three varicella, one adenovirosis and one hepatitis A; these patients were compared with 31 age matched controls. Gey mobility and chemotaxis was markedly depressed during the acute period (p [0.05 and p less than 0.001 respectively), returning to normal values with clearing of infection. Also, myeloperoxidase decreases during acute period (p less than 0.05), but they don't return to normal values with clinic recuperation (p less than 0.05). NBT was similar in both groups. Studying mumps meningitis alone authors observed that results were similar to before: chemotaxis deficit (p less than 0.05) and myeloperoxidases (p less than 0,01). According to these results depression of polymorphonuclear function justifies only partially the higher predisposition to bacterial superinfection that some viral infections have.
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PMID:[Reduction of the function of polymorphonucleocytes: chemotaxis and myeloperoxidases in viral infections in childhood]. 609 60

The influence of alloxan diabetes on reproductive function and the estradiol-stimulated increase in uterine peroxidase was investigated. Alloxan monohydrate in a dose of 75 mg/kg body weight effectively produced permanent diabetes. In adult rats, 20 days of diabetes resulted in cessation of the estrous cycle and a significant reduction in the gain of body weight, the weights of anterior pituitary gland, ovary, uterus, the level of serum progesterone and the activity of the estradiol-stimulated uterine peroxidase (P less than 0.05). After 10 days of insulin treatment, the ovarian weight, the estrous cycle and the level of ovarian hormones were restored to normal whereas the uterine weight and the estradiol-stimulated uterine peroxidase activity were only partially recovered. Persistent depression of the uterine response in the insulin-treated diabetic rats to both endogenous and exogenous ovarian hormone stimulation suggests that the uterus was directly affected by diabetes. The direct effect of diabetes upon the uterus was further demonstrated in the ovariectomized immature rat in which diabetes depressed the stimulatory action of estradiol on both uterine weight and uterine peroxidase activity.
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PMID:Depression of estrogen-induced uterine peroxidase in alloxan-diabetic rats. 609 85

1. Chemical synaptic transmission develops between individual identified neurones dissected from leech ganglia and maintained in culture. Impulses in Retzius cells give rise to hyperpolarizing synaptic potentials in pressure (P) sensory cells. In suitable medium the potentials develop by 3 days and can be observed for more than 3 weeks. 2. The synaptic potentials occur after a synaptic delay, exhibit facilitation and depression and are reversed by hyperpolarization. The blocking effects of reduced calcium and raised magnesium concentrations in the bathing fluid provide additional evidence for the chemical nature of transmission. 3. An increase in chloride conductance is involved in the generation of the synaptic potential in the P cell. With high intracellular Cl in the post-synaptic cell, the synaptic potentials become reversed and amplified. The amplitudes of these reversed responses range from 1 to 20 mV with a falling phase lasting for seconds. 4. Changes in the membrane potential of the presynaptic cell that modify the amplitude and duration of the action potential influence the efficacy of transmission. In addition, impulses in Retzius cells initiated from hyperpolarized values of membrane potential evoke smaller synaptic potentials in the P cells than impulses arising from a depolarized level. 5. With neurones placed directly next to one another in the dish, maintained depolarization of the presynaptic Retzius cell in the absence of conducted action potentials gives rise to slow synaptic potentials in the P cells. In some pairs, the response in the P cell consists of a marked increase in 'noise'. 6. Injection of horseradish peroxidase into the Retzius cell reveals neurites with distinctive varicosities growing over the P cell.
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PMID:Chemical transmission between individual Retzius and sensory neurones of the leech in culture. 612 33

The quantal nature of synaptic depression produced by high frequency stimulations has been analyzed at a central synapse for the first time. Simultaneous intracellular recordings were obtained from the Mauthner cell and adjacent identifiable inhibitory interneurons. The presynaptic cells were stimulated at frequencies from 2 to 33 Hz, and the corresponding release parameters were determined using a computational procedure described elsewhere (Korn, H., A. Triller, A. Mallet, and D. S. Faber (1981) Science 213: 898-901). As in our previous studies, these entities were correlated with histological features of the neurons following systematic horseradish peroxidase injections and reconstructions. Evidence was obtained that, in the range of physiological conditions used, the binomial parameter n (number of available quanta for release) remains constant; thus every synaptic bouton continues to function as an independent all-or-none releasing unit. The progressive reduction in amplitude of postsynaptic potentials can be attributed solely to a lower probability of release, as shown by the fall of the binomial parameter p. This evidence supports the concept that p is a critical variable for short-term modifications of synaptic efficacy and may provide insight for instances of synaptic plasticity underlying those behavioral changes which can be attributed to presynaptic loci. The present study also represents a necessary step toward linking mathematical variables of models for transmitter exocytosis with subcellular events.
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PMID:Regulation of efficacy at central synapses. 619 89

The treatment of rats with 10 mumoles/kg (s.c.) of mercuric chloride (Hg2+) caused time-dependent decreases in the activities of the enzymes of the glutathione (GSH) metabolism pathway in the kidney. Twenty-four hours after administration of Hg2+, the activities of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione disulfide (GSSG)-reductase in the kidney were decreased by 50-60%, and the activities of the GSH catabolic enzymes, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and GSH-peroxidase, were decreased by 25-35%. In the liver, only the activity of GSSG-reductase was decreased at this time. The observed decreases in the enzyme activities were not accompanied by a depression in the cellular protein concentration. The same pattern of enzyme response was noted when rats were given 30 mumoles/kg Hg2+; however, the decreases in the specific activity of the enzymes were accompanied by great losses in the cellular protein concentrations in both the liver and the kidney (35-40%). This dose of Hg2+ also caused significant decreases in the concentration of GSH in both organs. In vitro, Hg2+ only inhibited the activity of GSSG-reductase. When rats were given sodium selenite (Na2SeO3; 5, 10 or 20 mumoles/kg, s.c.) 30 min after Hg2+ treatment (10 mumoles/kg), the Hg2+-related depressions in the activities of the enzymes of GSH metabolism in the liver and the kidney were blocked. Also, in rats treated with 30 mumoles/kg Hg2+, the administration of 10 mumoles/kg selenium significantly decreased the magnitude of depression in the concentration of GSH in the kidney.
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PMID:Inhibition of the enzymes of glutathione metabolism by mercuric chloride in the rat kidney: reversal by selenium. 621 90


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