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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three experiments determined if the methionine requirement of broiler chicks was affected by coccidial infection. Chicks were fed a corn-soy or a corn-soy-pea basal diet containing 0.73% and 0.62% total sulfur amino acids (TSAA), respectively. Levels of 0 to 0.45% DL-methionine were added, with and without 0.01% monensin sodium. In two experiments, the chicks were inoculated at two weeks of age with a mixture of oocysts of E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix and E. brunetti. Lesion scores on the intestines and ceca, and blood carotenoid levels were determined at three weeks. The experiments were terminated at four weeks. A level of methionine greater than 0.47% and of TSAA greater than 0.83% was necessary to obtain maximum growth rate in uninoculated chicks. No evidence of dermatitis was observed. Growth rate and feed efficiency of chicks infected with coccidiosis were more severly depressed when the diet was not supplemented with methionine. Infections of coccidia and low levels of methionine, which in themselves did not produce any significant change in weight gain, did give a significant weight depression in combination. Adding monensin to the diet prevented a reduction in growth rate and feed efficiency of inoculated chicks fed adequate methionine. Monensin did not completely prevent the adverse effects of a coccidial infection, based on feed efficiency, when chicks were fed diets inadequate in methionine. Blood carotenoid levels were not affected by methionine level, but were significantly lowered by coccidial infection in the absence of monensin. Intestinal and cecal lesions in inoculated chicks were significantly reduced by including monesin in the diet. Although the coccidial infection more severly affected the performance of chicks fed diets deficient in methionine, satistical analysis of pooled data indicated no difference in the quantitative requirement of chicks for methionine. Therefore, a level of methionine and cystine adequate for optimum growth under the coccidial-free conditions should be adequate for chicks when infected with coccidia.
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PMID:Effect of dietary methionine status on response of chicks to coccidial infection. 93 21

Monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, narasin and maduramicin are carboxylic ionophores intended for use as anticoccidial drugs for poultry and as growth promotants for ruminants. Generally, ionophores have been found safe and effective in the target animals receiving recommended dosage levels. However, toxic syndromes can result from overdosage and misuse situations. More information and reports of adverse reactions are available for monensin than the other ionophores because of monensin's longstanding and widespread use in the poultry and livestock industries. Care must be exercised in the diagnosis of ionophore toxicoses since clinical signs and lesions are not pathognomic. However, a feed-related problem characterized clinically by anorexia, diarrhea, dyspnea, ataxia, depression, recumbency and death, and pathologically by focal degenerative cardiomyopathy, skeletal muscle necrosis, and congestive heart failure may warrant a presumptive diagnosis of ionophore toxicity. Confirmatory diagnosis will require considerations of differential diagnoses and laboratory assays to determine the specific ionophore involved. Presently, there is no antidote or treatment for toxicoses induced by the ionophores. Judicious use, avoidance of overdosing, and adherence to species recommendation will help prevent the occurrence of adverse effects associated with this class of compounds.
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PMID:The veterinary importance of the toxic syndrome induced by ionophores. 162 67

The influence of Monensin, Tiamulin and the simultaneous administration of the two substances on the microsomal, mixed function oxidases was studied on cockerels. Monensin was seen to cause a slight depression in the amount of cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5 as well as in the activities of aniline-p-hydroxylase, p-nitrophenol-hydroxylase and p-nitroanisole-O-demethylase. Tiamulin induced a moderate increase in the amount of cytochrome P-450 and in the activities of aniline-p-hydroxylase, p-nitrophenol-hydroxylase and aminopyrine-N-demethylase. The combined administration of monensin and tiamulin resulted in marked induction of the microsomal enzymes; the amount of cytochrome P-450 reduced by metyrapone or carbon monoxide increased 2.5 or 2-times, respectively, and the activities of the tested microsomal hydroxylases and demethylases showed also an expressed increase. At the same time the formation of lipid peroxides also markedly increased and the GSH concentration was reduced. In conclusion, the results of the investigations indicate that the simultaneous application of monensin and tiamulin cause a marked induction of the drug-metabolizing microsomal enzymes and a significant increase in the lipid peroxide formation.
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PMID:[The effect of monensin, tiamulin and the simultaneous administration of both substances on the microsomal mixed function oxidases and on the peroxide formation in broilers]. 224 30

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of anticoccidial agents on production and reproduction of broiler breeders. In Experiment 1, nicarbazin (NCZ) was fed at 20, 50, and 100 ppm. There was no depression in egg production, egg weight, or fertility from feeding these levels. As level of NCZ increased, there was a linear decrease in hatchability. The amount of 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC) in the egg yolks increased linearly as the levels of NCZ went up; the degree of egg-shell depigmentation was directly related to the level of NCZ fed starting at 50 ppm. Experiment 2 utilized a different strain of broiler breeders. Halofuginone (3 ppm), maduramicin (5 ppm), monensin (100 ppm), narasin (70 ppm), NCZ (125 ppm), robenidine (33 ppm), and salinomycin (60 ppm) were fed to broiler breeders at the levels listed. Only NCZ reduced egg production. Narasin induced a reduction in egg weight. Both narasin and salinomycin caused a significant drop in hatchability. Feeding NCZ also induced a rapid and more severe decrease in hatchability. Monensin was the only anticoccidial agent that reduced fertility. Halofuginone, maduramicin, and robenidine had no biologically significant effect on henday production, egg weight, hatch of fertile eggs, or shell depigmentation. Feeding NCZ at 125 ppm caused a complete bleaching of brown-shell eggs by the 3rd consecutive day of treatment; but 7 days after NCZ was withdrawn from the feed, pigmentation returned to the pretreatment level.
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PMID:Reproduction responses of broiler-breeders to anticoccidial agents. 232 May 30

Because monensin and salinomycin are widely used to control coccidiosis, two experiments were conducted to compare the performance of broiler chicks when these compounds were added to the diet. Five levels of each coccidiostat were fed. Increasing the levels of coccidiostat resulted in a decrease in body weight and feed intake. Monensin gave a greater depression at the level suggested by the manufacturer for prevention of coccidiosis (121 ppm) than did salinomycin (66 ppm). The interaction of experiment x treatment was significant and was a result of the greater performance depression at the lower levels (manufacturers' recommended levels) of coccidiostat administered in the first experiment than in the second. This research points out the necessity of the accurate use of the coccidiostats.
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PMID:Influence of monensin and salinomycin on the performance of broiler chicks. 270 76

Monensin, a monocarboxylic acid ionophore, is an effective anticoccidial agent in chickens. Arsanilic acid is a widely used growth promoter in chickens. A dietary interaction between these 2 compounds was studied. Male broiler (Hubbard) chicks were offered 1 of 8 experimental diets containing these 2 compounds from their tenth until 32nd day of age. These diets consisted of a base of 26.5% corn, 26.5% wheat, and 37.5% soybean meal and had an energy value of 12.98 mJ/kg. Monensin varied in concentration from 50 to 200 mg/kg and arsanilic acid varied in concentration from 0 to 500 mg/kg. Arsanilic acid was found to significantly alter the pattern of weight gain among birds. An interaction was observed to occur between monensin and arsanilic acid only in terms of final bird weights. Growth depression, normally associated with monensin supplementation, was alleviated by arsanilic acid addition. There were no differences among the 8 groups based on gross pathological and histological examination of the birds. Tissue arsenic concentrations were found to increase with increasing dose of arsanilic acid in the diet. No tissue monensin concentrations were detectable by the methodology used.
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PMID:Effects of arsanilic acid and monensin when given simultaneously in the diet of broiler chicks. 274 5

Angiotensin II stimulates sequential phospholipase C-mediated hydrolysis of initially the polyphosphoinositides and subsequently phosphatidylinositol (PI) in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells resulting in biphasic, sustained formation of diacylglycerol (DG). The mechanisms underlying this delayed induction of sustained DG accumulation are unknown but may be related to cellular events including processing of the angiotensin II receptor-ligand complex. In the present study, we characterized the kinetics of angiotensin II receptor sequestration and studied the effects of interventions which interfere with receptor processing on the pattern of angiotensin II-induced DG formation and phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Conversion of the angiotensin II receptor to an acid-resistant form was temperature-dependent, with half-times of 1.5 min at 37 degrees C and 7 min at 19 degrees C. Reducing the temperature to 25 or 19 degrees C caused a marked temporal separation between the two phases of DG accumulation. There was a close temporal correlation between the effect of temperature on receptor sequestration and on sustained DG accumulation. Furthermore, phenylarsine oxide (5 min, 10 microM), which inhibited angiotensin II receptor internalization, also selectively inhibited the sustained phase of DG accumulation (81 +/- 6% inhibition). Monensin and chloroquine, which interfere with receptor processing through the lysosomal-degradative pathway, had no effect on angiotensin II-induced DG formation in these cells, suggesting that the processing event important to hormonally induced sustained DG accumulation occurs early in the internalization pathway, probably at the level of the plasma membrane. Moreover, the acid-resistant state of the angiotensin II receptor-ligand complex retained its ability to signal, since removal of the surface signal by competitive antagonism with Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II or acid-wash only slowly reversed accumulation of DG and depression of total cell calcium. These experiments support our previous observation that the initial and sustained phases of angiotensin II-induced diacylglycerol formation in vascular smooth muscle are differentially controlled and suggest that an early event in the cellular processing of the angiotensin II-receptor complex is essential to maintenance of DG accumulation.
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PMID:Correlation of receptor sequestration with sustained diacylglycerol accumulation in angiotensin II-stimulated cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. 282 94

Three chick growth assays were conducted to investigate the effects of monensin on lysine and arginine utilization in crossbred chicks (New Hampshire X Columbian). Chicks were fed either a low lysine corn-sesame meal diet containing graded increments of crystalline lysine.HCl (Assay 1) or an arginine-deficient casein-dextrose diet (Assay 2) supplemented with graded levels of L-arginine.HCl in the presence or absence of supplemental monensin (121 mg/kg). Based upon analysis by slope-ratio methodology (i.e., gain regressed on supplemental amino acid intake), the efficiency of L-lysine or L-arginine utilization was found to be the same in both monensin-fed and control chicks. In Assay 3, effects of monensin on the lysine-arginine antagonism were studied. Chicks were fed an arginine-deficient casein-dextrose diet supplemented with 1 or 2% L-lysine.acetate in the presence or absence of supplemental monensin. Growth performance was depressed by feeding both levels of supplemental L-lysine.acetate. Monensin had no effect on the magnitude of the growth depression caused by supplemental lysine. These results support the view that neither lysine nor arginine utilization is impaired by feeding monensin.
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PMID:In vivo utilization of lysine and arginine in young chicks fed monensin. 313 6

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary protein source on the monensin response in healthy chicks fed diets varying in CP. The interrelationship between dietary CP level and four different anticoccidial drugs was evaluated in a fourth experiment. The experiments were conducted from 8 to 21 or 22 days posthatching. In Experiment 1, crossbred chicks were fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) diets containing either 24 or 16% CP or casein-dextrose diets containing 20, 15, or 10% CP in the presence or absence of 160 mg/kg monensin. When CP level was decreased in the corn-SBM treatments, the resulting monensin-induced growth depression was greater. However, this interaction was not observed in chicks fed casein-dextrose diets. Experiments 2 and 3 were conducted to determine if the monensin-protein level interrelationship is influenced by the source of dietary soybean protein or by high levels of animal protein (AP). Monensin at 140 mg/kg produced a much greater growth depression at 16 than at 24% CP in chicks fed a corn-SBM diet, whereas amounts of monensin depression in chicks fed a corn-isolated soy protein diet were similar for both CP levels. As dietary protein was reduced from 24 to 16% in Experiment 3, 140 mg/kg monensin caused growth depressions of 10 and 40%, and 14 and 28%, respectively, in broiler chicks fed corn-SBM and corn-AP diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Further investigation of the dietary protein level-monensin interrelationship in broiler chicks: influence of dietary protein source and type of anticoccidial drug. 340 44

The efficacy of amprolium, monensin, and salinomycin in preventing coccidiosis in bobwhite quail was studied using a mixed inoculum of equal numbers of Eimeria dispersa and E. lettyae. A total dosage per quail of 10(6) sporulated oocysts was chosen because this dosage gave a good (77%) depression of weight gain from Day 18 to Day 24. Levels of .008% monensin or .0055% salinomycin were the most effective for prevention of coccidiosis as evaluated by body weight gains. These levels significantly reduced parasite numbers in the duodenum with monensin administration and in both the duodenum and ileum with salinomycin administration. Monensin reduced parasite numbers in the illeum significantly in one experiment and in a second. Amprolium was ineffective for prevention of coccidiosis, as evaluated by body weight gains. Amprolium was also ineffective in consistently reducing parasite numbers in the duodenum and ileum. Both monensin and salinomycin had a reasonable safety margin in quail. Levels of monensin of .016%, twice the proposed level, significantly reduced body weight at 14 days of age compared with unmedicated controls or quail given .008% monensin. By 28 days, however, this effect was no longer significant. Levels of salinomycin at the proposed level of .0055% significantly reduced body weight at 14 days of age compared with unmedicated controls. By 28 days, however, this effect was no longer significant in quail given .0055% or .00825% salinomycin, although in quail fed .011% salinomycin body weights remained significantly lower (16.5%) at that date. There were no detectable monensin residues in the liver of quail fed a ration containing .008% monensin for 8 wk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Prevention of coccidiosis in bobwhites by medication. 368 68


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