Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) to inhibit the crystallisation of amorphous lactose during storage of the composites up to 6 months. Short-term stability was assessed by microcalorimetry over 10 days and long-term stability by storage in desiccators with different relative humidities for 3 and 6 months. The solid-state structure of the particles after storage was analysed by differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the presence of PVP increased the critical relative humidity (RH) for crystallisation relative to the pure lactose and both the proportion and the molecular weight of the PVP affected the stabilisation of the amorphous phase. The difference in critical RH between the materials increased over time. The T(g) of the materials was generally reduced due to the absorption of water and it is suggested that the inhibiting effect therefore is related mainly to a specific interaction between lactose and PVP, rather than to a counteracting effect of the polymer on the moisture induced depression of T(g).
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PMID:Long-term stabilisation potential of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) for amorphous lactose in spray-dried composites. 1475 92

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality in the acute phase. Worldwide case fatality rate is 11% (range 7 to 27%) for the most severely affected regions. Several adverse prognostic factors have been identified, including advanced age, presence of comorbidity, higher lactose dehydrogenase levels and initial neutrophil count, but the impact of viral and other host factors on outcome is unknown. Published data on sequelae of SARS are limited. Clinical follow-up of patients who recovered from SARS has demonstrated radiological, functional and psychological abnormalities of varying degrees. In the early rehabilitation phase, many complained of limitations in physical function from general weakness and/or shortness of breath. In a small series of subjects who underwent CT scan of the chest, over half showed some patchy changes consistent with pulmonary fibrosis. Lung function testing at 6-8 weeks after hospital discharge showed mild or moderate restrictive pattern consistent with muscle weakness in 6-20% of subjects. Mild decrease in carbon monoxide diffusing capacity was detected in a minority of subjects. Preliminary evidence suggests that these lung function abnormalities will improve over time. Psychobehavioural problems of anxiety and/or depression were not uncommon in the early recovery phase, and improved over time in the majority of patients. Avascular necrosis of the hip has been reported as another complication. The long-term sequelae of SARS are still largely unknown. It is important to follow up these patients to detect and appropriately manage any persistent or emerging long-term sequelae in the physical, psychological and social domains.
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PMID:SARS: prognosis, outcome and sequelae. 3307 3

Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were used to determine the effects of dietary fat and glucose precursors on energy status and lactation. The treatment group (T) received 409 g/d (DM basis) of a combination of calcium salts of fatty acids, calcium propionate, and propylene glycol. The control group (C) received 409 g/d of a mixture of calcium salts of fatty acids and ground barley from 14 +/- 0.9 g/d before until 21 d after calving. Dry matter intake was greater (16.1 vs. 13.6 +/- 1.3 kg/d) for T than C during the last week prepartum and did not decrease for T from the previous week, whereas, in C, DM intakes decreased by 3.2 kg/d. Production of milk and milk fat did not differ. There was a tendency for lower protein and increased lactose concentrations in milk from T cows. Milk fat percentage was lower in T at d 7 (5.5 vs. 6.4 +/- 0.5%) and 28 (4.4 vs. 5.5 +/- 0.5%) of lactation. Liver lipid content was numerically lower (7.9 vs. 9.2 +/- 0.9%) and glycogen content was significantly higher (2.4 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.1%) in T vs. C cows on d 7 of lactation. Concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids were lower in blood of T cows on d 2 and 7 of lactation. Over all time points, blood glucose concentrations were higher in T cows pre- (70.75 vs. 62.1 +/- 1.3 mg/dL) and postpartum (60.1 vs. 56.2 +/- 1.1 mg/dL). Insulin concentrations in blood were greater for T (397 vs. 314 +/- 48 pg/mL) both pre- and postpartum. Feeding glucose precursors in combination with rumen inert lipids, compared with feeding barley in combination with the lipids for 2 wk before parturition and 3 wk postpartum helped avoid prepartum feed intake depression and increased blood glucose and insulin and decreased blood NEFA.
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PMID:Effects of dietary glucogenic precursors and fat on feed intake and carbohydrate status of transition dairy cows. 1532 25

Mixed conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers decrease milk fat synthesis during established lactation, but their ability to cause milk fat depression (MFD) immediately postpartum remains unclear. Multiparous Holstein cows (n = 19) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 doses of rumen-protected (RP) CLA supplements (0, 200, 400, and 600 g/d); each dose provided equal amounts of fatty acids by replacing and balancing treatments with an RP supplement of palm fatty acid distallate. Doses provided a total of 468 g fatty acids/d and 0, 62, 125, or 187 g of mixed CLA isomers/d, respectively. The CLA supplement contained a variety of CLA isomers: 5.4% trans-8, cis-10; 6.3% cis-9, trans-11; 7.9% trans-10, cis-12; and 8.2% cis-11, trans-13 CLA. Each group received treatments from approximately -10 to 21 d relative to calving. To improve palatability and ensure complete consumption, doses were mixed with equal amounts of steam-flaked corn and dried molasses; one-half the supplement was fed at 0600 h, and the remaining supplement was fed at 1800 h. Milk yield and individual feed intake were recorded daily, and milk samples were obtained from each cow every 2nd day (at both milkings) starting on d 1 postpartum. There were no differences in dry matter intake (17.1 kg/d), milk yield (34.2 kg/d), protein content (3.74%), lactose content (4.61%), or yield of milk protein or lactose. The CLA supplementation decreased overall milk fat content in a dose-responsive manner (4.57, 3.97, 3.32, and 3.10, respectively), and milk fat yield displayed the same progressive decline. The dose-dependent decrease in milk fat content was evident during wk 1 and became highly significant during wk 2 and 3. The milk fat yield response pattern was similar, and by d 21, the highest RP-CLA supplement decreased milk fat content and yield by 49 and 56%, respectively. These data clearly indicate RP-CLA can markedly (40 to 50%) induce MFD immediately postpartum without negatively affecting other production parameters.
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PMID:Increasing amounts of conjugated linoleic acid progressively reduces milk fat synthesis immediately postpartum. 1545 6

Milk fat was investigated in lactating dairy cows fed diets supplemented with Ca salts of trans fatty acids (Ca-tFA) or Ca salts of conjugated linoleic acids (Ca-CLA). Forty-five Holstein cows (115 days in milk) were fed a control diet (51% forage; dry matter basis) supplemented with 400 g of EnerG II (Ca salts of palm oil fatty acids) for 2 wk; subsequently, 5 groups of 9 cows each were assigned for 4 wk to the control diet or diets containing 100 g of Ca-CLA or 100, 200, or 400 g of Ca-tFA in a randomized block design. Treatments had no effect on dry matter intake, milk production, protein, lactose, or somatic cell count. Milk fat percentage was reduced from 3.39% in controls to 3.30, 3.04, and 2.98%, respectively, by the Ca-tFA diets and to 2.54% by the Ca-CLA diet. Milk fat yield (1.24 kg/d in controls) was decreased by 60, 130, and 190 g/d with increasing dose of Ca-tFA and by 290 g/d with the Ca-CLA supplement. Consistent with increased endogenous synthesis of cis-9-containing CLA from precursors provided by the Ca-tFA diets, total CLA were similar in milk of cows fed Ca-CLA or Ca-tFA. Compared with controls, the Ca-CLA diet increased trans-10, cis-12-18:2 yield in milk, without altering levels of trans-18:1 isomers. In contrast, yields of most trans-18:1 isomers were elevated in milk of cows fed Ca-tFA diets, whereas yields of trans-10, cis-12-18:2 remained similar to control values. We conclude that milk fat depression can occur without an increase in trans-10, cis-12-18:2 in milk and that other components, perhaps the trans-10-18:1 isomer, may be involved.
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PMID:Changes in milk fat in response to dietary supplementation with calcium salts of trans-18:1 or conjugated linoleic fatty acids in lactating dairy cows. 1548 68

In the treatment of dysgeusia, the use of zinc has been frequently tried, with equivocal results. The aim of the present randomized clinical trial, which involved a sufficiently large sample, was therefore to determine the efficacy of zinc treatment. Fifty patients with idiopathic dysgeusia were carefully selected. Zinc gluconate (140 mg/day; n=26) or placebo (lactose; n=24) was randomly assigned to the patients. The patients on zinc improved in terms of gustatory function (p <0.001) and rated the dysgeusia as being less severe (p <0.05). Similarly, signs of depression in the zinc group were less severe (Beck Depression Inventory, p <0.05; mood scale, p <0.05). With the exception of the salivary calcium level, which was higher in the zinc patients (p <0.05), no other significant group differences were found. In conclusion, zinc appears to improve general gustatory function and, consequently, general mood scores in dysgeusia patients.
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PMID:Zinc gluconate in the treatment of dysgeusia--a randomized clinical trial. 1561 72

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common 'functional' gastrointestinal disorders accounting for 3% of all primary care consultations, with a strong female predominance. Although most of the literature comes from Western industrialized societies, when it has been looked for, this disorder appears to be equally common in the Third World. It is characterized by chronic abdominal pain or discomfort associated with disordered bowel habit and visceral hypersensitivity. Anxiety and somatization are more common in IBS than in the general population and may encourage consultation; however, they correlate poorly with symptoms. Bacterial gastroenteritis may be followed by the development of IBS in 5-10% of patients, depending on the severity of initial illness and prior anxiety or depression. The Rome criteria allow reliable diagnosis provided that there are no 'alarm' features which mandate further investigation. Microscopic colitis and bile salt malabsorption can easily be mistaken for IBS, as can chronic infestations or infections which should be considered, while recognizing that these are extremely uncommon in westernized societies. Some patients respond to exclusion diets as lactose and wheat intolerance are common. Others with prominent anxiety and/or depression respond to psychotherapy or antidepressants. Diarrhoeal symptoms respond to loperamide and 5HT3 receptor antagonists, while constipation responds to 5HT4 agonists. Antispasmodics may have limited benefit in treating pain. Low-dose tricyclic antidepressants are also helpful in alleviating pain and anxiety, even in those without obvious psychiatric disorders. If diagnostic criteria are met, then once diagnosed, new diagnoses rarely appear.
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PMID:Irritable bowel syndrome. 1576 61

After returning from the Beagle in 1836, Charles Darwin suffered for over 40 years from long bouts of vomiting, gut pain, headaches, severe tiredness, skin problems, and depression. Twenty doctors failed to treat him. Many books and papers have explained Darwin's mystery illness as organic or psychosomatic, including arsenic poisoning, Chagas' disease, multiple allergy, hypochondria, or bereavement syndrome. None stand up to full scrutiny. His medical history shows he had an organic problem, exacerbated by depression. Here we show that all Darwin's symptoms match systemic lactose intolerance. Vomiting and gut problems showed up two to three hours after a meal, the time it takes for lactose to reach the large intestine. His family history shows a major inherited component, as with genetically predisposed hypolactasia. Darwin only got better when, by chance, he stopped taking milk and cream. Darwin's illness highlights something else he missed--the importance of lactose in mammalian and human evolution.
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PMID:Darwin's illness revealed. 1581 89

Heat-stressed dairy cattle are bioenergetically similar to early-lactation cows in that dietary energy may be inadequate to support maximum milk and milk component synthesis. Study objectives were to evaluate whether conjugated linoleic acids- (CLA-) induced milk fat depression (MFD) during heat stress would allow for increased milk and milk component synthesis. In addition, CLA effects on production variables and its ability to induce MFD were compared between Holstein and Brown Swiss cows. Multiparous cows (n = 8, Holstein; n = 5, Brown Swiss) averaging 97 +/- 17 d in milk were used in a crossover design during the summer (mean temperature-humidity index = 75.7). Treatment periods were 21 d with a 7-d adaptation period before and between periods. During adaptation periods, all cows received a supplement of palm fatty acid distillate (242 g/d). Dietary treatment consisted of 250 g/d of CLA supplement (78.9 g/d of CLA) or 242 g/d of palm fatty acid distillate to provide equal amounts of fatty acids. The CLA supplement contained a variety of CLA isomers (3.0% trans-8, cis-10; 3.4% cis-9, trans-11; 4.5% trans-10, cis-12; and 4.8% cis-11, trans-13 CLA). Treatments were applied 2 x/d with half of the supplement top-dressed at 0600 h and the remainder top-dressed at 1800 h. There was no overall treatment effect on dry matter intake (23.9 kg/d), milk yield (40.0 kg/d), somatic cell count (305,000), protein (2.86%), or lactose content (4.51%) or yields of these milk components. Supplementation with CLA decreased overall milk fat content and yield by 26 and 30%, irrespective of breed. The reduction of milk fat content and yield was greatest on d 21 (28 and 37%, respectively). Energy availability predicted by energy balance was improved with CLA supplementation compared with controls (3.7 vs. 7.1 Mcal/d, respectively). Respiration rate (78 breaths/min) and skin temperature (35.4 degrees C) during maximum heat load were not affected by treatment. The group receiving CLA had higher total milk fat CLA concentration (9.3 vs. 4.9 mg/g). Supplementation with CLA induced MFD and altered milk fat composition similarly between breeds and improved calculated energy balance during heat stress, but had no effect on production measures under these conditions.
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PMID:Effect of supplemental conjugated linoleic acids on heat-stressed brown swiss and holstein cows. 1582 65

More than 20% of the genes sequenced thus far appear to encode polytopic transmembrane proteins involved in a multitude of critical functions, particularly energy and signal transduction. Many are important with regard to human disease (e.g., depression, diabetes, drug resistance), and many drugs are targeted to membrane transport proteins (e.g., fluoxetine and omeprazole). However, the number of crystal structures of membrane proteins, especially ion-coupled transporters, is very limited. Recently, an inward-facing conformer of the Escherichia coli lactose permease (LacY), a paradigm for the Major Facilitator Superfamily, which contains almost 4000 members, was solved at about 3.5 A in collaboration with Jeff Abramson and So Iwata at Imperial College London. This intensively studied membrane transport protein is composed of two pseudo-symmetrical 6-helix bundles with a large internal cavity containing bound sugar and open to the cytoplasm only. Based on the structure and a large body of biochemical and biophysical evidence, a mechanism is proposed in which the binding site is alternatively accessible to either side of the membrane.
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PMID:Structure and mechanism of the lactose permease. 1595 Jan 62


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