Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The decline in lactase activity during weaning has been well established. However, its molecular mechanism remains to be explored. We studied changes in the expression of lactase in terms of the transcription and translation processes in rat microvillus membrane by Northern blot and Western blot analysis, respectively. To examine the effect of dietary change from a milk to a non-milk diet on the developmental pattern of lactase expression, weaning was prevented by keeping the rats under suckling conditions for 27 days after birth. This treatment only suppressed the extent of decline: while the weanlings showed 17 percent activity compared to that of 4-day-old rats, the prolonged suckling rats showed only 42 percent. The changes in the expression of lactase mRNA and protein were parallel with the change of lactase activity. In other words, the fundamental pattern of significant depression of lactase expression occurred relatively independent of dietary modification. This observation indicates that the regulation of lactase expression is firmly determined at the transcriptional level, and that dietary factor such as the termination of lactose ingestion has only a relatively minor effect.
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PMID:Dietary control of lactase expression in the weaning rat. 888 28

The effect of moisture sorption on the compaction properties of model modified-release (MR) pellets coated with ethyl cellulose/hydroxypropylcellulose film has been studied for the MR pellets alone and in binary mixtures with microcrystalline cellulose, lactose alpha-monohydrate, or lactose 9% amorphous. The in vitro dissolution rate prior to and after compaction was used as an indirect method of evaluating the effect of exposing the MR pellets to a compaction force. Moisture sorption as well as the glass transition temperature (Tg) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were determined as a function of humidity for cast film conditioned at different humidities using a climate test chamber. The compaction properties of lactose and microcrystalline cellulose were altered by the addition of MR pellets, resulting in a robust tablet mass and a tensile strength of the tablet masses that was less sensitive to moisture. The amount of moisture sorbed was found to have little influence on the formation of cracks or on the rupturing of film-coated MR pellets during compaction. This was probably a result of both the small depression in the Tg for the film system at increasing RH and the robustness of the film chosen. The results also showed that the volume reduction properties of the tableting excipients were of importance for reducing damage to the film coating. Lactose had a higher protective effect on the film-coated MR pellets compared to microcrystalline cellulose.
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PMID:Water-solid interactions. IV. Influence of moisture sorption on the compaction of film-coated particles. 965 51

Lactose malabsorption is characterized by a deficiency of mucosal lactase. As a consequence, lactose reaches the colon where it is broken down by bacteria to short-chain fatty acids, CO2, and H2. Bloating, cramps, osmotic diarrhea, and other symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome are the consequence and can be seen in about 50% of lactose malabsorbers. Having made the observation that females with lactose malabsorption not only showed signs of irritable bowel syndrome but also signs of premenstrual syndrome and mental depression, it was of interest to establish whether a statistical correlation existed between lactose malabsorption and mental depression. Thirty female volunteers were analyzed by measuring breath H2 concentrations after an oral dose of 50 g lactose and were classified as normals or lactose malabsorbers according to their breath H2 concentrations. All patients filled out a Beck's depression inventory questionnaire. Of the 30 female volunteers, six were lactose intolerant (20%) and 24 were normal lactose absorbers (80%). Subjects with lactose malabsorption showed a significantly higher score in the Beck's depression inventory than normal lactose absorbers did. The data thus suggest that lactose malabsorption may play a role in the development of mental depression. In lactose malabsorption high intestinal lactose concentrations may interfere with L-tryptophan metabolism and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) availability. Lactose malabsorption should be considered in patients with signs of mental depression.
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PMID:Lactose malabsorption is associated with early signs of mental depression in females: a preliminary report. 982 44

The dairy industry produces large quantities of whey as a by-product of cheese production and is increasingly looking for new ways to utilize this waste product. Gellan gum is reliably produced by Sphingomonas paucimobilis in growth media containing lactose, a significant component of cheese whey, as a carbon source. We studied and compared polysaccharide biosynthesis by S. paucimobilis ATCC 31461 in media containing glucose, lactose (5 to 30 g/liter), and sweet cheese whey. We found that altering the growth medium can markedly affect the polysaccharide yield, acyl substitution level, polymer rheological properties, and susceptibility to degradation. Depression of gellan production from lactose compared with gellan production from glucose (approximately 30%) did not appear to occur at the level of synthesis of sugar nucleotides, which are the donors of monomers used for biosynthesis of the repetitive tetrasaccharide unit of gellan. The lactose-derived biopolymer had the highest total acyl content; the glucose- and whey-derived gellans had similar total acyl contents but differed markedly in their acetate and glycerate levels. Rheological studies revealed how the functionality of a gellan polysaccharide is affected by changes in the acyl substitution.
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PMID:Structures and properties of gellan polymers produced by sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC 31461 from lactose compared with those produced from glucose and from cheese whey 1034 31

Fructose and lactose malabsorption are characterized by impaired duodenal fructose transport or by the deficiency of mucosal lactase, respectively. As a consequence, the nonabsorbed saccharides reach the colon, where they are broken down by bacteria to short fatty acids, CO2, and H2. Bloating, cramps, osmotic diarrhea, and other symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome are the consequence and can be seen in about 50% of carbohydrate malabsorbers. We have previously shown that fructose as well as lactose malabsorption were associated with signs of mental depression. It was therefore of interest to investigate possible interactions between fructose and lactose malabsorption and their influence on the development of signs of depression. In all, 111 otherwise healthy volunteers (81 females and 30 males) with gastrointestinal complaints were analyzed by measuring breath H2 concentrations after an oral dose of 50 g lactose and of 50 g fructose one week apart. They were classified as normals, isolated fructose malabsorbers, isolated lactose malabsorbers, and combined fructose/lactose malabsorbers. All patients filled out a Beck's depression inventory-questionnaire. Twenty-five individuals (22.5%) were neither fructose nor lactose malabsorbers (group 1), 69 (62.2%) were only fructose malabsorbers (group 2), 4 (3.6%) were only lactose malabsorbers (group 3), and 13 (11.7%) presented with fructose and lactose malabsorption together (group 4). Isolated fructose malabsorption and combined fructose/lactose malabsorption was significantly associated with a higher Beck's depression score. Further analysis of the data show that this association was strong in females (P < 0.01), but there was no such association between carbohydrate malabsorption and early signs of depression in males. In conclusion, the data confirm that fructose malabsorption may play a role in the development of mental depression in females and additional lactose malabsorption seems to further increase the risk for development of mental depression.
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PMID:Carbohydrate malabsorption syndromes and early signs of mental depression in females. 1096

We have studied the effect of treatment with enrofloxacin on local and general clinical signs and chemiluminescence of circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes during experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis in cows immediately afer parturition. Twelve cows were infected with 10(4) cfu Esch. coli P4:032 into both left quarters. Six cows received an intravenous injection of 5 mg enrofloxacin/kg at 10 h after infection and a second enrofloxacin treatment administered subcutaneously at 30 h post infection. The other six cows were controls that received no treatment. General clinical signs (fever, tachycardia, loss of appetite, reduced rumen motility and depression) were similar in both groups. Local clinical signs, such as swelling, pain and firmness of the inflamed mammary quarters, were less severe in the treated cows. We saw no difference in the appearance of the milk: flecks and watery or purulent milk were observed in both groups. The beneficial effects of treatment with enrofloxacin were mainly on milk production and composition. The decline in milk production and the changes in milk concentrations of lactose, Na+ and bovine serum albumin were less pronounced in the treated cows. Treatment with enrofloxacin accelerated the clearance of bacteria from the infected quarters, but had no effect on the chemiluminescence response of isolated polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The changes in the number of circulating leucocytes and the appearance of immature neutrophils in the circulation of the treated cows indicated possible beneficial effects on migration of neutrophils into the inflamed glands. Higher milk somatic cell counts in the treated cows supported this hypothesis. The results of this study indicated that treating cows that have been experimentally infected with Esch. coli mastitis after parturition with enrofloxacin reduced the severity of the disease, especially the decline in milk production and the changes in milk composition.
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PMID:Treatment of acute Escherichia coli mastitis in cows with enrofloxacin: effect on clinical signs and chemiluminescence of circulating neutrophils. 1113 Oct 63

Fourteen patients scheduled for orthopaedic knee reconstruction surgery were enrolled in a prospective, double-blind, randomized study in which they received alphadolone (25-500 mg, n = 9) or placebo (lactose, n = 5) given orally 1 h after operation. All the subjects received a standardized general anaesthetic and the same type of surgery followed by physiotherapy using a continuous passive movement machine. Morphine was administered intravenously after operation by patient-controlled analgesia. Verbal rating and visual analogue scores assessed pain experiences for 6 h. Orally administered alphadolone up to 500 mg caused no increase in sedation, respiratory depression, nausea or vomiting. The experiences of these side-effects were all rated as none, mild or moderate. Orally administered alphadolone caused statistically significant reductions in morphine use and simultaneous highly significant reductions in pain scores. We conclude that alphadolone is a useful analgesic in humans when given by the oral route.
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PMID:Antinociceptive properties of neurosteroids IV: pilot study demonstrating the analgesic effects of alphadolone administered orally to humans. 1157 27

Concentrations of glucose in the external iliac artery feeding one udder half of 14 midlactation Holstein cows were increased by infusion to test the following three hypotheses of mammary function: 1) that mammary glands control their blood supply to maintain intracellular energy balance, 2) that milk precursors are taken out of capillary blood according to mass action kinetics, and 3) that the rate of milk component synthesis is dependent on its precursor's uptake from blood. The first seven cows received 20 g/h glucose during 10 h of infusion. Arterial concentrations of glucose were locally increased by only 10%, and the iliac plasma flow was not affected by glucose infusion, so the next seven cows were given 90 g/h glucose. Quantitative predictions resulting from the hypotheses were that arterial plasma flow would decrease by 32% with 90 g/h glucose infusion, glucose uptakes would increase and acetate, fatty acid, and amino acid uptakes decrease, and milk protein and fat yields and percentages would decrease. Iliac plasma flow decreased 16%, half of what was predicted, which suggests that other regulatory processes besides blood flow control took part in the response. Acetate and fatty acid uptakes by the mammary glands were reduced as predicted because of the lower blood flow, but an unexpected depression in extraction of plasma triacylglycerol also contributed to the reduced fatty acid uptake. Milk fat and protein yields were not affected by the exogenous glucose, falsifying the third hypothesis that milk component secretion is a function of uptake of its precursor. Milk fat and protein percentages declined with glucose infusion because of increased lactose synthesis and secretion of water into milk.
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PMID:Milk synthetic response of the bovine mammary gland to an increase in the local concentration of arterial glucose. 1194 51

In view of the potential of rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as a means to increase the CLA content of bovine milk, a study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of synthetic CLA on milk production and composition. Four Holstein cows received abomasal infusion of: 1) control, no lipid infusion, 2) 150 g/d of synthetic CLA, 31.7% cis-9, trans-11; 30.4% trans-10, cis-12, 3) 150 g/d of safflower oil, and 4) 150 g/d of tallow. Infusion was carried out for 20 to 22 h/d for 11-d periods in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The milk fat concentration of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isomers of CLA was significantly increased with infusion of CLA. However, CLA infusion had other unexpected effects on milk production and composition. Milk yield dropped significantly during the period of CLA infusion. Furthermore, as well as the typical depression in milk fat reported with trans-10 isomers of CLA, other negative effects specific to CLA infusion were observed including a drop in lactose concentration and yield, a drop in protein yield, and an elevated somatic cell count. The important difference between synthetically produced CLA and CLA produced naturally in the cow is the much higher proportion of trans-10 isomers of CLA in the former. The results of this study suggest that the extent of enrichment possible for trans-10 isomers of CLA, and hence the usefulness of synthetic CLA for this purpose, may be limited because of unacceptable effects on milk yield and composition.
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PMID:Short communication: Postruminal infusion of conjugated linoleic acids negatively impacts milk synthesis in Holstein cows. 1274 57

Milk composition can be altered by diet, and one example is milk fat depression (MFD) in dairy cows. The biohydrogenation theory of MFD has implicated unique fatty acids formed by altered rumen biohydrogenation of PUFA; one example is trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). In the present study, we induced MFD with a high concentrate/low forage (HC/LF) diet and examined milk composition, milk fatty acid changes and mammary lipogenic mRNA abundance to determine the mechanism involved. The HC/LF diet reduced milk fat percentage by 25% and yield by 27% with no effect on dietary intake, milk production, protein or lactose. Milk fatty acids synthesized de novo in the mammary gland and fatty acids taken up from circulation were reduced to a similar extent (molar basis). MFD was also characterized by the appearance of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in the milk fat. We analyzed mammary mRNA abundance for lipogenic genes and detected reductions for acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), fatty acyl CoA ligase, glycerol phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) and acylglycerol phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT). There was no effect on the milk protein gene, kappa-casein. The reductions in mRNA were also correlated with the appearance of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in the milk fat for ACC, FAS, lipoprotein lipase and GPAT. This study demonstrates that diet-induced MFD involves coordinated effects on mRNA for mammary lipid synthesis pathways, and provides support for a mechanism involving alterations in transcriptional activation of these genes.
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PMID:Diet-induced milk fat depression in dairy cows results in increased trans-10, cis-12 CLA in milk fat and coordinate suppression of mRNA abundance for mammary enzymes involved in milk fat synthesis. 1451 91


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