Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Treatment of 24 male patients with 3 g/day of xanthinol nicotinate did not change the in vitro measurements of ADP-induced platelet aggregation but produced a marked inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation. This effect may be connected with the drug-induced depression of the ATP level in platelet-rich plasma. Changes in the platelets in the patients' blood or in the lipid composition and the concentration of uric acid in their serum were ruled out as reasons for the decrease of the collagen-induced aggregation. The activity of the three serum enzymes y-GT, GOT, and GPT and the concentration of the blood sugar did not change.
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PMID:Effect of xanthinol nicotinate treatment on platelet aggregation. 84 33

Most women who use oral contraceptives should take daily vitamin supplements in dosages that are carefully regulated to avoid excesses of particular vitamins. Requirements for riboflavin, thiamine, B12, and B6 may be increased by the use of oral contraceptives, whereas niacin requirements may be reduced. Fat-soluble vitamins are also influenced by oral contraceptives. There is evidence of increases in plasma Vitamin-A and decreases in plasma tocopherols in users of oral contraceptives; Vitamin-D, Vitamin-K, and biotin, however, have not been shown to be affected. Normalization of vitamin status can be effected fairly quickly by use of a daily multivitamin. Desirable doses are as follows: ascorbic acid, 400-500 mg; ribovlavin, 10 mg; B6, 5 mg; B12, 4 mcg; and d-alpha-tocopherol, 10 mg; optimal thiamine intake is not known . Clinical signs of hypovitaminosis include depression, susceptibility to infections, and skin signs, all of which were found in users of oral contraceptives in an epidemiological survey of 46,000 women in Great Britain. Adverse psychological, dermatological, and hematological side effects of oral contraceptives have also responded to vitamin therapy. Routine prophylactic prescription of carefully formulated supplemental vitamin mixtures is recommended.
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PMID:Letter: Oral contraceptives and vitamin requirements. 114 35

Jejunoileal bypass operation was originally done to promote weight loss for treatment of morbid obesity. We used such a model to determine if dietary vitamin absorption is compromised by such an operation. Six rats were subjected to a jejunoileal bypass, 6 control rats were pair-fed to bypassed rats; and 6 were fed ad libitum. Vitamin content of folic, B6, riboflavin, nicotinate, pantothenate, thiamin, biotin, B12, vitamins A, E, and carotene in blood and liver was determined after 8 postoperative weeks. Aside from riboflavin, blood vitamin levels were significantly depressed in bypassed rats. The deepest depression was seen for B12, carotene and vitamin E. Liver vitamin stores of folate, riboflavin, thiamin, B12, clearly were significantly depressed in the bypassed animals compared to the pair-fed and ad libitum-fed controls. This model can serve for rapidly studying micronutrient depletion due to malabsorption without dietary manipulation or antibiotics for gut sterilization.
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PMID:A jejunoileal bypass rat model for rapid study of the effects of vitamin malabsorption. 158 7

The therapeutic potential of xanthinol nicotinate in the revival of anaesthetised monkeys subjected to acute blood loss was investigated. The arterial pressure was lowered to 40 +/- 5 mmHg by rapid arterial bleeding and was maintained at this level for 2 h. Shed blood was then returned through infusion, to the animals. Animals alive at the end of 72 h observation period were considered as survivors. The test drug was infused 1/2 h prior to and 1/2 h, 1 h, 1 1/2 h and 2 h after the onset of oligaemic hypotension. The animals which received normal saline instead of test drug were treated as control. The physiological and biochemical parameters recorded prior to and after the onset of oligaemic hypotension were heart rate, pulse pressure, electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram (EEG), lactic acid, creatine phosphokinase, urea and glucose. The results showed tachycardia, narrowing of pulse pressure, depression of ST segment with occasional T inversion, slowing of EEG with increase in amplitude, rise in blood lactic acid, creatine phosphokinase, urea and glucose. The magnitude of these responses were proportional to the duration and severity of shock. These changes were markedly attenuated in the drug treated group. Enhancement of survival was observed in drug treated groups as compared to control. It was 10 per cent in control as against 60, 86, 71, 57 and 50 per cent in the groups which received the test drug 1/2 h prior to and 1/2 h, 1 h, 1 1/2 h and 2 h after the onset of oligaemic hypotension. It is concluded that the beneficial effect of the drug in the revival of monkeys subjected to acute haemorrhagic shock may be due to better maintenance of tissue perfusion.
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PMID:Role of xanthinol nicotinate in the revival of monkeys subjected to acute haemorrhagic shock. 177 97

The response was determined of male poults to high levels of dietary niacinamide, when maintained in a stressful environment of high stocking density and high litter moisture induced by excess dietary NaCl. The experiment was designed as a factorial (2 by 2 by 2) with 70 versus 140 mg of niacinamide per kg; .3 versus 1% NaCl; 7 versus 14 birds per m2. Each treatment was assigned to 6 pens, with either 20 or 40 males per pen depending on stocking density. The calculated niacin content of the basal diet was 22 mg per kg; the experimental diets contained 92 and 162 mg of total niacin per kg. Added niacinamide at 140 mg per kg increased the body weight at 8 wk of age (3,095 versus 3,198) at .3% dietary NaCl. The response to 140 mg per kg of niacinamide was 4.6% at .3% NaCl and only 1.9% at 1% NaCl. The high level of niacinamide was ineffective in terms of alleviating the growth depression induced by a high stocking density. Treatment effects were not detected in relation to feed efficiency. The incidence of leg abnormalities was not influenced by dietary niacinamide or by litter moisture, but was aggravated by a high stocking density. The treatments did not induce ascites or macroscopic lesions in the heart or kidney. These findings demonstrated that supplemental niacinamide at 140 mg per kg, in a basal diet calculated to contain 22 mg of niacin per kg of feed, will produce a significant increase in the weight gain of male poults at 8 wk of age under praxis conditions when dietary salt is at .3%, but not at 1%.
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PMID:Response of male poults to high levels of dietary niacinamide. 214 5

Young rats were fed a niacin-deficient diet with and without 15 g/kg supplementary L-leucine. Both groups grew slowly for 5 wk and showed no difference in the severity of their condition. Nor did their 14CO2 production differ after intraperitoneal dosing with [methylene-14C]tryptophan. In a 2 X 3 X 3 multifactorial trial with a niacin-free basal diet, the effects of 15 g/kg supplementary leucine were compared with isonitrogenous glycine supplements. Half of the diets were also marginally deficient in pyridoxine and resulted in slower growth, but no interactive effect with leucine. The leucine supplement depressed excretion of N1-methylnicotinamide only in the groups receiving supplementary tryptophan. It was also associated with a depression in the level of nicotinamide nucleotides in the rats' livers that was not eliminated by addition of either 25 mg/kg nicotinic acid or 1 g/kg L-tryptophan. The existence of pellagra in Hyderabad, India, has been hypothesized to result from excessive leucine in the diet rather than from a deficiency of niacin/tryptophan. Neither our results with rats nor those of others appear to provide support for this hypothesis.
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PMID:Leucine excess and niacin status in rats. 295 74

The nonlactating period should be regarded as a preparatory phase for the next lactation, rather than a rest phase from the preceding one. During the early dry period, a diet should be provided that meets nutrient requirements for energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, selenium, vitamins, and other minerals. This can usually be accomplished by feeding a blend of roughages with little or no grain and providing a vitamin and mineral supplement. The diet during the late dry period, or transitional stage, should provide increased energy (an additional 3 to 4 Mcal), and a PP preventive regimen can be instituted at this time. Five to six pounds of concentrate containing 200 gm of an ammonium sulfate and chloride mixture and 6 gm of niacin can be added to the diet to aid in the transition to lactation. Feeding of high-calcium, lactating-cow grain mix should be avoided until after parturition. Stress should be minimized at and after parturition, and a quiet maternity area should be available. The normal depression in dry matter intake at parturition should be minimized; feeding high-quality roughages at this time is beneficial. Concentrate consumption should be increased gradually following parturition, and careful attention to the soluble and undegradable protein fractions of the diet is warranted. In group feeding situations, introduction to the energy-dense, high-lactation ration should probably be avoided for the first 10 to 14 days postpartum, until the cow is acclimated to the forage mix. Body overconditioning should be avoided. However, attempts to manipulate body condition during the dry period tend to be unrewarding and counterproductive. Following these guidelines should reduce the incidence of metabolic diseases in high-producing dairy cattle.
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PMID:Feeding the dry cow to avoid metabolic disease. 306 14

Interactions of lead and niacin were studied in growing broiler chicks fed one of four experimental diets from day-old to 3 wk of age. The diets were a low niacin basal diet (LN), the basal diet supplemented with 40 mg of niacin/kg (control), the basal diet supplemented with 2000 mg lead/kg, as lead acetate (LN + Pb) and the basal diet supplemented with both niacin and lead (control + Pb). Growth and feed efficiency were reduced significantly by lead. The lead-associated growth depression was less severe in chicks fed the low niacin diet as indicated by a significant lead X niacin interaction. The relative weights of two brain regions (telencephalon and diencephalon) and the adrenal glands were greater in lead-treated chicks than in their nonlead-treated counterparts. Plasma and telencephalon tryptophan were lower in lead-treated chicks than in nonlead-treated chicks. Diencephalon tryptophan was lower in chicks fed the LN diet than in chicks fed the control diet. Brain serotonin was lower and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was higher in both brain regions of lead-treated chicks than in nonlead-treated chicks. The data indicate that tryptophan and serotonin metabolism were altered by lead treatment, whereas niacin was without effect. The interaction of lead and niacin on growth does not appear to be related to alterations of serotonin metabolism in the central nervous system.
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PMID:Effect of lead and niacin on growth and serotonin metabolism in chicks. 333 32

Twenty-four Holstein cows (early postpartum) were used in a randomized complete block design with a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to compare effects of nicotinic acid (niacin) and whole cottonseed. Cows were fed individually isonitrogenous complete mixed rations ad libitum, containing corn-soy concentrate, corn silage, chopped coastal bermudagrass hay, and either 1) 0% niacin and 0% whole cottonseed, 2) 0% niacin and 15% whole cottonseed, 3) .03% niacin and 0% whole cottonseed, or 4) .03% niacin and 15% whole cottonseed. Dry matter and energy consumption, actual milk yield, total milk solids, and milk fat yield were not affected by treatment. Either niacin or whole cottonseed increased milk fat percentage and 4% fat-corrected milk. Milk protein percentage and yield were higher with niacin supplementation but tended to be lower with cottonseed feeding. The milk protein depression with whole cottonseed was alleviated by niacin due to stimulation of mammary casein synthesis. Supplemental niacin tended to elevate glucose and insulin in blood plasma, but whole cottonseed tended to reduce these plasma components. Plasma urea nitrogen was higher in cows fed whole cottonseed. Plasma-free tryptophan tended to be slightly higher in cows receiving supplemental niacin.
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PMID:Influence of niacin and whole cottonseed on intake, milk yield and composition, and systemic responses of dairy cows. 355 22

Many of the features of the premenstrual syndrome are similar to the effects produced by the injection of prolactin. Some women with the premenstrual syndrome have elevated prolactin levels, but in most the prolactin concentrations are normal. It is possible that women with the syndrome are abnormally sensitive to normal amounts of prolactin. There is evidence that prostaglandin E1, derived from dietary essential fatty acids, is able to attenuate the biologic actions of prolactin and that in the absence of prostaglandin E1 prolactin has exaggerated effects. Attempts were made, therefore, to treat women who had the premenstrual syndrome with gamma-linolenic acid, an essential fatty acid precursor of prostaglandin E1. Gamma-linolenic acid is found in human, but not cows', milk and in evening primrose oil, the preparation used in these studies. Three double-blind, placebo-controlled studies, one large open study on women who had failed other kinds of therapy for the premenstrual syndrome and one large open study on new patients all demonstrated that evening primrose oil is a highly effective treatment for the depression and irritability, the breast pain and tenderness, and the fluid retention associated with the premenstrual syndrome. Nutrients known to increase the conversion of essential fatty acids to prostaglandin E1 include magnesium, pyridoxine, zinc, niacin and ascorbic acid. The clinical success obtained with some of these nutrients may in part relate to their effects on essential fatty acid metabolism.
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PMID:The role of essential fatty acids and prostaglandins in the premenstrual syndrome. 635 May 79


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