Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this case report we describe a 44 year old man who developed a transient increase of CSF protein in association with a course of electroconvulsive therapy for depression. Neurological evaluation failed to show any other abnormalities. The finding seems to reflect a transient dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier.
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PMID:Increase in CSF protein in association with ECT. 73 Dec 58

Synthetic salmon calcitonin was administered subcutaneously to 12 inpatients with several primary psychotic diagnoses. Increases in serum total calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels and decreases in CSF calcium level had earlier been observed during periodic psychotic agitation or mania. By contrast, calcitonin, which decreased serum calcium and phosphorus levels and increased CSF calcium level, appeared to produce transient (24-hour) increases in depression and decreases in arousal in this double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Quantitative activity monitoring confirmed the rater's impression that this agent had tranquilizing or depressant effects in such patients. When given in the evening, this polypeptide also appeared to delay sleep onset, as demonstrated both by nurses' 30-minute sleep checks and by the same longitudinal activity record. A decreased hypocalcemic response to calcitonin was noted in the agitated patients, which might explain the increases in serum calcium level described at the "switch".
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PMID:Use of calcitonin in psychotic agitation or mania. 76 Jun 98

Below the toxic plasma level of nortriptyline (NT) an upper therapeutic limit has been postulated in patients with endogenous depression. If so the clinical significance is obvious and a double-blind, randomized study was performed in order to solve this problem. Two groups of patients were controlled at different plasma levels (less than 150 ng/ml and less than 180 ng/ml). The degree of depression was rated weekly. Only about one third (n equals 24) of the patients originally included, were carried through the full protocol, the most prominent reason for drop out beeing spontaneous remission during an initial placebo period. After 4 weeks of NT treatment the majority in the high level group was still depressed, but the difference barely significant (P equals 5.5%). However, a randomized reduction of the plasma level among the patients at the high level resulted in a significant correlation to remission. Evaluation of the total material after 6 weeks of NT treatment demonstrated a strong correlation of high plasma level to poor antidepressive effect of NT. No correlation could be obtained between side-effects, which were few, and plasma level. The non-proteinbound fraction in plasma was found to 7% (SD 1.83) by simultaneous determinations of NT in plasma and CSF in 13 patients. The variation in the proteinbinding was not likely to invalidate the over all results based on total NT determination. A therapeutic plasma range of 50-150 ng/ml is recommended.
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PMID:Self-inhibiting action of nortriptylin's antidepressive effect at high plasma levels: a randomized double-blind study controlled by plasma concentrations in patients with endogenous depression. 76 41

Four to 5 months after exposure of the right occipital lobe of the monkey to 3500 rads of X-irradiation there is a proliferative and degenerative lesion accompanied by a massive break in the blood-brain barrier. The resulting vasogenic edema causes gross swelling in the ipsilateral hemisphere, compression of the contralateral hemisphere with ventricular dilatation, and distortion of midline structures, which may result in herniation through the incisura and foramen magnum. The regional cerebral blood flow, determined by [14C]antipyrine method, at successive stages in the development and resolution of the delayed brain swelling shows a reduction of blood flow in white and gray matter, first regionally, then throughout the ipsilateral hemisphere and finally throughout the brain. This is accompanied by an increase in CSF pressure, CSF lactic dehydrogenase and total protein, and clinical signs of increased intracranial pressure. With resolution of CSF pressure, there is a return to baseline of CSF chemistry and partial resolution of the other parameters. The cerebral blood flow shows a greater recovery in gray than white matter, but there remains a diffuse depression suggesting a long-term impairment in cellular metabolism and/or blood flow regulatory mechanisms.
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PMID:Regional cerebral blood flow in delayed brain swelling following x-irradiation of the right occipital lobe in the monkey. 80 11

In 30 patients suffering from vital depression (the syndrome of endogenous depression) a negative correlation was found between the pre-therapeutic post-probenecid CSF 5-HIAA response and the therapeutic response to clomipramine (Anafranil). Clomipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant with a strong potentiating effect on central 5-HT. The following conclusion was drawn: if the cenral 5-HT turnover is diminished in depressions, then correction of this biochemical disturbance leads to alleviation of depressive symptoms. This finding is considered to support the concept of '5-HT-deficient depression'. Five of the 8 clomipramine-resistant patients showed a favourable response to nortriptyline, a NA-potentiating anti-depressant. The pre-therapeutic CSF MHPG concentration in these patients was not related to the therapeutic efficacy of nortriptyline. So, the assumption that these patients have been NA-deficient was not confirmed. However, renal MHPG excretion was not measured and possibly this variable correlates better with cerebral NA metabilism than MHPG in lumbar CSF which is of mainly spinal origin.
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PMID:New evidence of serotonin-deficient depressions. 89 99

The relationships between CSF monoamine metabolites (HVA and 5HIAA), nurses' ratings of clinical symptoms, and telemetered measures of motor movement of ten schizophrenic and ten depressed patients were investigated. There was a significant negative correlation between CSF 5HIAA and both agitation ratings and motor movement in the schizophrenics. CSF HVA correlated positively to anxiety and anger in the depressives. The schizophrenics had a significantly higher CSF HVA than the depressives which appeared unrelated to motor movement. The effects of serotonin turnover and arousal in schizophrenia and the association between CSF metabolite gradients, stress, motor movement, and biogenic amine levels in depression are discussed.
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PMID:CSF amine metabolites, clinical symptoms, and body movement in psychiatric patients. 96 33

Tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (precursor and metabolite respectively of 5-hydroxytryptamine) were determined in ventricular CSF of psychiatric patients undergoing stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy. Tyrosine and homovanillic acid (precursor and metabolite respectively of dopamine) were also determined. Results suggest an association between affective state and the above precursor amino acids with lower concentrations in primary depression and higher ones when anxiety or agitation predominate. This leads to lower 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations in depression and higher concentrations in anxiety and agitation.
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PMID:Precursors and metabolites of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of psychiatric patients. 99

Twenty-one late-juvenile rhesus monkeys were rendered profoundly hypotensive for 0-, 15-, or 30-minute periods by means of infusion of trimethaphan camsylate. Blood pressure was then restored to prehypotensive levels with phenylephrine infusions. Respiratory gas tensions and pH of arterial blood were maintained within their normal limits throughout experimental and recovery periods. Animals either recovered and showed no sequelae or diet 12 to 48 hours later of cardiorespiratory difficulties, often accompanied by brain swelling. Brain injury and death occurred in 64% of cases when arterial blood pressure was maintained at 25 mm Hg for up to 30 minutes. Multifocal myoclonus, depressed electroencephalographic activity, rises in cisternal cerebrospinal (CSF) pressure, respiratory depression, and characteristic changes in serum and cisternal CSF glucose followed episodes of controlled hypotension. Hypoxia and acidosis occurring during insult or recovery periods rather than hypotension itself probably account for neuropathological sequelae described by others.
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PMID:Effects of hypotension on rhesus monkeys. 116 51

Functional decortication induced by cortical spreading depression (CSD) was used to estimate the significance of cerebral cortex for swimming and depth avoidance in arts. In the swimming test (5 gr sinkers, 36 degrees C water) the median swimming time was reduced from greater 120 minutes in the controls to 16 minutes in the bilaterally depressed rats. Depth avoidance in the physical and visual cliff situation (6 cm to the shallow and 48 cm to the deep surface) was unimpaired by unilateral CSF but was abolished by bilateral CSD. Combination of monocular occlusion with ipsilateral CSD deteriorated the visual cliff test but not the physical cliff behaviour. Functional decortication increased descent latencies and decreased the explaration rate in both tests. It is concluded that cerebral cortex plays an important role in the regulation of unlearned, innate activities with the overall behaviour of the organism.
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PMID:The effect of cortical spreading depression on motor performance and depth avoidance in rats. 117 98

Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal [HPA] activation and abnormal HPA regulatory mechanisms have been observed in depressed patients. Depressed and schizophrenic patients were studied to determine whether the HPA disturbances in depression are specific to this psychiatric illness or are mediated by nonspecific breakdown of psychological defense mechanisms. Despite the presence of severe ego defense breakdown and considerable secondary depressive symptomatology, the schizophrenic patients had normal HPA function. The depressed patients had elevated urine free cortisol excretion, high CSF cortisol levels, and did not show normal HPA suppression in response to dexamethasone. Within the depressed group significant correlations of HPA parameters were obtained with somatic features but not with ego breakdown features. After recovery depressed patients had more normal HPA function. The results indicate that HPA dysfunction can occur in association with primary depressive illness, that a psychoendocrine distinction can be made between primary depressive illness and secondary depressive symptomatology, and that psychological defense breakdown is not related to these neuroendocrine observations. Attention is drawn to the utility of urinary free cortisol measurement as a valuable index of HPA activation in psychoendocrine studies.
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PMID:Limbic system-adrenal cortex regulation in depression and schizophrenia. 127 36


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