Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diurnal rhythm of plasma cortisol, of psychological state, and of pain was measured for two days in 25 migraine patients and eight control subjects. Fourteen of the migraine patients and none of the controls displayed either consistently high plasma cortisol or an occasional aberrant peak. Abnormal psychological findings, particularly depression, were found in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory only in migraine patients with abnormal plasma cortisol levels. Neither psychological abnormality nor pain seemed the single cause of elevation of plasma cortisol.
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PMID:Circadian rhythms of plasma cortisol in migraine. 57 80

Diurnal changes in the frequency of panic attacks and symptoms of generalised anxiety, phobic anxiety and phobic avoidance in 34 panic-disorder patients and 40 normal controls were evaluated. The panic-disorder patients had significant diurnal changes in generalised and phobic anxiety, but not phobic avoidance. Increased severity of symptoms and prominent diurnal changes were most evident in the panic-disorder patients with a history of depression. Although panic attacks were distributed throughout the 24-hour period, patients with a current episode or history of depression tended to have more frequent panic attacks in the morning or early afternoon. These observations challenge the traditional belief that 'anxious neurotic' patients are relatively asymptomatic upon awakening in the morning and then develop more severe symptoms of anxiety later in the day.
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PMID:Diurnal rhythms and symptom severity in panic disorder. A preliminary study of 24-hour changes in panic attacks, generalised anxiety, and avoidance behaviour. 139 38

Somatostatin is a tetradecapeptide that is assuming increasing importance as a regulator of central nervous system activity. Originally identified as the hypothalamic growth hormone release-inhibiting factor, somatostatin has subsequently been shown to be extensively and selectively distributed throughout the central nervous system, to alter neuron excitability, to regulate and be regulated by the activity of classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, to exert a number of direct behavioral actions, and to display neuropsychiatric disorder-related alterations. In this article, a three-part study of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) somatostatin in affective illness and schizophrenia is presented. In part 1, significant reductions in CSF somatostatin were observed in 49 bipolar and unipolar depressed patients relative to 47 controls. Values during depression were also significantly lower than those observed in affective disorder during the improved state or in schizophrenia. Diurnal studies involving paired AM and PM lumbar punctures revealed that depressed patients and normal volunteers had similar somatostatin values in the evening, despite having significantly different values in the morning. In part 2, the effects of several psychopharmacological agents on CSF somatostatin were examined, particularly the tricyclic anticonvulsant carbamazepine. A significant reduction of CSF somatostatin during treatment with carbamazepine was observed. The effect of carbamazepine on somatostatin could be related to its anticonvulsant, analgesic, or psychotropic effects. Part 3 deals with somatostatin as a major regulator of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Somatostatin affects HPA activity by inhibiting, at a number of cellular levels, the stimulated release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary. A significant negative relationship between CSF somatostatin and the postdexamethasone plasma cortisol level in 22 depressed and 16 schizophrenic patients was observed. This relationship between low CSF somatostatin and escape from dexamethasone suppression was observed irrespective of diagnosis (i.e., depression or schizophrenia). Thus, there is indirect supporting evidence for a role for somatostatin dysregulation in the most consistently observed biological abnormality in depression, escape from dexamethasone suppression. Further study of somatostatin in neuropsychiatric disorders, and particularly depressive illness, offers great promise for better understanding their underlying affective, vegetative, cognitive, and physiological dysregulations.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin and psychiatric illness. 286 90

The pattern and frequency of neurovegetative symptoms was studied in 57 patients with chronic pain. Seventy-nine percent of these patients had a diagnosable depressive illness, but endogenous depression was rare (5%). Patients with chronic pain were divided into major depressives, minor/intermittent depressives and patients with no depression. A control group of nonendogenous major depressives without pain was also utilized. Major depressives differed from the other two chronic pain groups in that there was more frequent or severe early waking, weight loss, anorexia, diminished libido and initial insomnia. Diurnal variation of mood was not a characteristic of major depression with chronic pain, and did not differ in frequency from the other two chronic pain groups. Major depressives exhibited a profile of neurovegetative symptoms very similar to that found in the control group of major depressives. Over one-third of minor/intermittent depressed patients with chronic pain exhibited atypical (reversed) vegetative symptoms of hyperphagia and weight gain. This finding, together with our review of the literature, suggests an important and previously unrecognized link between atypical depression and chronic pain.
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PMID:Neurovegetative symptoms in chronic pain and depression. 293 54

Diurnal variation of exercise test responses occurring during symptom-limited treadmill exercise testing was investigated in 45 patients six weeks after myocardial infarction. Each patient was exercised using a Naughton protocol before 8 a.m. and after 6 p.m. on the same day. No complications arose. There was no significant diurnal variation of any of the analysed exercise induced ischaemic abnormalities (angina pectoris or ST segment shift) or of the mean maximal exercise durations and achieved workloads. Mean maximal heart rates and heart rate-systolic blood pressure double products were similar in both tests. ST segment depression occurred in 21 patients and was totally consistent in both tests. An abnormal blood pressure response occurred in 14 patients in the morning test and in 18 patients in the evening test but this discordance did not reach statistical significance. Similarly there was no significant diurnal variation in exercise induced ventricular arrhythmias, although only three of the 11 patients in whom they occurred had this abnormality on both tests. We conclude that in this group of patients, no significant diurnal variation was observed in either exercise induced ischaemic abnormalities or in exercise haemodynamics during symptom-limited exercise tests performed six weeks after myocardial infarction. These data increase the confidence in clinical management decisions based on the results of this test.
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PMID:Diurnal variation in symptom-limited exercise test responses six weeks after myocardial infarction. 404 98

Diurnal variation and reproducibility of abnormalities occurring during predischarge postinfarction treadmill exercise testing were investigated in 41 patients. Each patient was exercised using a limited Naughton protocol before 0800 and after 1800 h on two consecutive days. No complications arose. Individual ischaemic abnormalities were poorly reproducible in any patient. No abnormality and no patient showed significant diurnal variation. When the presence of any one of three ischaemic abnormalities (ST segment depression or elevation and angina) was analysed the reproducibility of an ischaemic result in the two morning and the two evening tests was 72% and 95% respectively with no significant difference between the two. The reproducibility of an ischaemic result in all four tests was 66%. The reproducibility of the test for either the presence or absence of an ischaemic result was 71%. No training effect could be shown either for the group as a whole or for any individual patient. There were no appreciable differences in either the heart rates or systolic blood pressures during exercise among those patients with non-reproducible ischaemic test results. Thus it is concluded that an assessment of any one of three ischaemic abnormalities improves the reproducibility of the result of submaximal exercise testing after infarction. Mechanisms other than increased myocardial oxygen consumption related to increased heart rate and systolic blood pressure at submaximal exercise tolerance are needed to explain non-reproducible ischaemic test results.
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PMID:Diurnal variation and reproducibility of predischarge submaximal exercise testing after myocardial infarction. 654 May 92

Diurnal variations during the depressive phase and healthy periods were investigated in 84 hospitalised depressive patients of different nosological diagnosis. The occurrence of different rhythm-types in this population led to the conclusion that depression induces rhythmicity: those belonging to the arhythmic group when healthy showed significant increase in rhythmicity when depressed, predominantly the classical form of diurnal variation (morning with improvement toward evening). Age and sex were found to be important factors determining diurnal variation. In the course of hospitalisation, the type of diurnal rhythm remained individually constant.
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PMID:[Diurnal variations in hospitalised depressive patients during depression and when healthy (author's transl)]. 719

The 24-hour motor activity pattern was evaluated in 26 inpatients with major depression at treatment onset and after 4 weeks of antidepressant therapy. Clinical state, depression, and psychomotor retardation, as well as motor activity level and circadian rhythm, were simultaneously assessed. Treatment responders and nonresponders were also considered. Diurnal hypoactivity and reduced 24-hour rhythm amplitude were found at treatment onset. Activity level increased significantly on discharge. The rest-activity cycle for each depressed patient fit a cosine function of 24-hour periodicity. Data tended to show no phase shift but a large intragroup phase variability. Preliminary findings of a negative correlation between basic activity level and clinical improvement, and a trend toward responders having a lower activity level than nonresponders, suggest that activity could be used to predict therapeutic response.
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PMID:Circadian pattern of motor activity in major depressed patients undergoing antidepressant therapy: relationship between actigraphic measures and clinical course. 804 24

Diurnal variation (depression worse in the morning) is one of the diagnostic criteria for the melancholic subtype of major depression. This study examined diurnal variation in the effects of chronic mild stress (CMS), an animal model of depression, by testing Wistar rats at different phases of the light-dark cycle. CMS decreased sucrose intake and sucrose preference in animals tested at the start of the dark phase (the most active period in this nocturnal species), but not in animals tested during the light phase. CMS also decreased body weight in both groups; however, the effects of CMS on sucrose intake in the dark phase were not secondary to body weight changes. On the contrary, loss of body weight led to underestimates in the magnitude of the effects of CMS on sucrose intake. The results support the validity of the CMS procedure as a model of melancholia. The discussion addresses criticisms of this position that have been raised in two recent publications.
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PMID:Diurnal variation in the effect of chronic mild stress on sucrose intake and preference. 925 89

Diurnal rhythm of serum melatonin concentrations was estimated in 12 men with low back pain syndrome before and after exposure to a very low-frequency magnetic field (2.9 mT, 40 Hz, square wave, bipolar). Patients were exposed to the magnetic field for 3 weeks (20 min per day, 5 days per week) either in the morning (at 10:00 hr) or in the late afternoon (at 18:00 hr). Significant depression in nocturnal melatonin rise was observed regardless of the time of exposure. This phenomenon was characteristic for all the subjects, although the percent of inhibition of melatonin secretion varied among the studied individuals.
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PMID:Chronic exposure to 2.9 mT, 40 Hz magnetic field reduces melatonin concentrations in humans. 988 93


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