Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (BB) demonstrate a competitive antagonism with endogenous catecholamines. Beta-1 receptor blockade mediates the depressive action on contractility, heart rate and atrio-ventricular conduction. Beta-2 receptor blockade mediates vascular, bronchial and uterine smooth muscle constriction. BB with beta-1 selective and intrinsec sympathomimetic activity do not increase systemic vascular resistance. BB are mostly used to treat ischaemic heart disease, hypertension and arrhythmias. Bradycardia, hypotension and bronchospasm are the main hazards in BB treated patients undergoing anaesthesia. However giving BB with premedication to patients taking usely this treatment allows better perioperative haemodynamic stability and avoids rebound effect. Experimentally, oxprenolol reverses regional dysfunction in ischaemic myocardium under halothane anaesthesia. During and after anaesthesia, intravenous (i.v.) BB must be used with caution to treat hypertension associated with tachycardia. In controlled hypotension, i.v. BB potentialise other agents. In phaechromocytoma surgery, alpha-blocking drugs are essential but additional BB can control tachycardia successfully. In coronary artery bypass surgery, giving BB prior to induction decreases cardiac enzymes serum levels. Esmolol, a new ultra-short-acting BB, would control perioperative tachycardia and hypertension without risk of prolonged cardiac depression.
 ...
PMID:[Beta blockers and anesthesia]. 197 29

Beta-2-adrenergic agonists are often employed in the treatment of acute bronchostenosis. Following our recent investigations into the influence of some drugs (cromolyn, ketotifen, theophylline) on the immune response, in this study we analyzed the in vitro effects of fenoterol (beta-2-adrenergic agonist) on the immune response. The mitogen-(PHA)-induced proliferation of peripheral mononuclear cells (PMNC), the PMNC proliferation induced by anti-T3 and anti-T11 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), the PHA-induced lymphokine--interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)--production were studied in ten healthy volunteers. Since the plasmatic peak of fenoterol following a single inhalation of 200 micrograms is about 20 ng/ml, in the experiments herein reported the drug was tested in the cultures at concentrations lower, equal and higher than the plasmatic peak: respectively, 2, 20 and 200 ng/ml. Furthermore, for a more detailed study of T-lymphocyte activities, we also evaluated the effect of fenoterol on T-cell clone proliferation. Our results, which reveal no effects of fenoterol on the studied immunological parameters, acquire relevance when related to our previous reports showing a depression of the immunological response exerted by theophylline and ketotifen.
 ...
PMID:Fenoterol effects on the in vitro immune response. 317 57

Beta-adrenoceptors are predominantly located in the cerebral cortex, nucleus accumbens and striatum. At lower densities, they are also present in amygdala, hippocampus and cerebellum. Beta-2 sites regulate glial proliferation during ontogenic development, after trauma and in neurodegenerative diseases. The densities of beta-1 adrenoceptors are changed by stress, in several mood disorders (depression, excessive hostility, schizophrenia) and during treatment of patients with antidepressants. A technique for beta-adrenoceptor imaging in the human brain is not yet available. Although 24 (ant)agonists have been labeled with either (11)C or (18)F and some of these are successful myocardial imaging agents, only two (S-1'-(18)F-fluorocarazolol and S-1'-(18)F-fluoroethylcarazolol) could actually visualize beta-adrenoceptors within the central nervous system. Unfortunately, these radiopharmaceuticals showed a positive Ames test. They may be mutagenic and cannot be employed for human studies. Screening of more than 150 beta-blockers described in the literature yields only two compounds (exaprolol and L643,717) which can still be radiolabeled and evaluated for beta-adenoceptor imaging. However, other imaging techniques could be examined. Cerebral beta-adrenoceptors might be labeled after temporary opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and simultaneous administration of a hydrophilic ligand such as S-(11)C-CGP12388. Another approach to target beta-adrenoceptor ligands to the CNS is esterification of a myocardial imaging agent (such as (11)C-CGP12177), resulting in a lipophilic prodrug which can cross the BBB and is split by tissue esterases. BBB opening is not feasible in healthy subjects, but the prodrug approach may be successful and deserves to be explored.
 ...
PMID:PET imaging of beta-adrenoceptors in human brain: a realistic goal or a mirage? 1513 73