Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Psychotropic effects have been imputed to oral contraceptives (OCs); however, studies with large populations found no depressive episodes caused by OCs. Affective disorders of women such as premenstrual syndrome and postpartum and menopausal depression are well-known. The estrogen and progesterone levels are high during pregnancy, when the risk of emotional disease declines. A study on Marvelon (containing .15 mg of desogestrel and .03 mg of ethinyl estradiol) involving 27,000 women found a history of depression in 3%, but in 90% the symptoms disappeared after OC use. Other studies corroborated the finding that OCs exerted a stabilizing effect on emotional disorders. The overwhelming majority of women without psychiatric anamnesis did not suffer any mood fluctuations under OC use. In a study, 4327 women were interviewed at 3 and 6 months of OC use, and in 45.7% their sense of well-being improved, 30.3% were in a good frame of mind, and 21.2% had a slight deterioration of their sense of well-being. Neurotic and introverted persons tended to attribute affective disorders, weakness of concentration, sleep disturbances, and the avoidance of sex to OCs. With such individuals, OC indication requires particularly strict adherence to rules. The ability of Ocs to improve acne was analyzed when 1785 questionnaires were examined from 1958 women who had used Marvelon. 60% reported improvement of their acne, and 50% of the more severe cases improved. Dysmenorrhea and menstrual cycle disorders improved similarly. Body weight increase in insignificant with modern OCs. OCs exert a positive psychotropic effect through their ability to influence these conditions.
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PMID:[Does the pill have a psychotropic effect?]. 215 6

To assess the immune system status, the authors have measured various lymphocyte populations, whose ratio was determined in indirect immunofluorescence with Ortho or BL monoclonal antibodies, CD3, CD4, CD8, and DR-specific. The detected shifts in the immunity system permitted dividing the patients into 3 groups: Group 1 consisting of subjects with moderate immunity depression, Group 2 including those with moderate immunity stimulation, and Group 3 comprising patients with poorly manifest changes in the immunity system. The authors recommend carrying out analyses of the immunity system before and after implantation surgery, for such analyses may help predict possible complications and improve therapeutic correction thereof.
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PMID:[Changes in the immune system of patients with dental implants made of different materials]. 225 4

In the tail suspension test (an animal model of depression) the duration of immobility during the 6 min of observation was 56.84 +/- 6.54 sec in sham-ovariectomized mice and 113.11 +/- 7.86 sec 30-32 days after ovariectomy. Estradiol (10, 100 or 1,000 micrograms/kg) and progesterone (50, 1,000 or 10,000 micrograms/kg), subcutaneously injected daily 4 times before the test, restored the duration of immobility in ovariectomized mice to normal, while having no effect on sham-operated animals. On the other hand, desipramine (20 mg/kg IP 1 hr before testing) significantly reduced the duration of immobility both in ovariectomized and in sham-operated mice. These data indicate that ovarian sex hormones, while having no "antidepressant," desipramine-like, effect on the behavior of intact adult female mice, have such an effect in ovariectomized mice, and enable the animal to cope in a "normal" way with adverse environmental situations.
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PMID:Influence of ovariectomy, estradiol and progesterone on the behavior of mice in an experimental model of depression. 278 Aug 68

As an indicator of analogous brain serotonin metabolism, and by extension of depression tendency, platelet imipramine receptors were measured in women taking the triphasic oral contraceptive Logynon. Logynon (Schering AG Berlin/Bergkamen, Germany) contains levonorgestrel 50 mcg for 6 days, 75 mcg for 5 days and 125 mcg for 10 days, followed by 7 days pill-free; ethinyl estradiol doses are 30, 40 and 30 mcg for the same periods of time. The mean imipramine binding values (Bmax), calculated from Scatchard plots of tritiated uptake by platelets, was 429 in the control cycle, 396 on Day 14 of the 1st treatment cycle, and 582 in the 2nd treatment cycle (p0.02 vs pretreatment). Control means were 412 and 411. No significant differences were seen in affinity (Kd). There were no significant differences in mean Beck Depression Inventory tests, although 1 woman became clinically depressed, with BDI scores of 22 and 33 compared to 2 before taking Logynon. Her Bmax values were 626, 630 and 796 in the pretreatment, 1st and 2nd cycles respectively. Overall, the increase in imipramine binding did not correlate with Beck depression inventory scores.
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PMID:Up-regulatory effect of triphasic oral contraceptive on platelet 3H-imipramine binding sites. 283 63

The effect of oral contraceptive use and hospitalization stress on the results of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) were assessed. This test, in which 1 mg dexamethasone is given at 11:00 p.m., and blood cortisol is analyzed the following day, is used as an indicator or major or endogenous depression, as opposed to situational depression, but specificity of the test remains in dispute. The test subjects were 15 normal volunteers, mostly staff, and 27 surgical patients, who were planning orthopedic surgery the following day. Of the 20 women, 7 took oral contraceptives, (Sequilar, Microgynon 50, Trigynon, Microgynon 30 and Diane). Cortisol was radioimmunoassayed at 4:00 p.m. in volunteers and at 8:00, 4:00 and 11:00 p.m. in hospital patients. Only 1 subject had a positive test (non-suppressor), a non oral contraceptive user, with a cut-off point of 50 mcg/L. The hospital patients' cortisol levels were slightly higher (n.s.). Pill users' cortisol levels were unchanged.
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PMID:Lack of effects of hospitalization and oral contraceptives on DST results in control subjects. 367 80

The authors present a case report that provides support for a relationship between estrogen and the menstrual cycle on the 1 hand and affective disorders on the other. The patient in this case, a 35-year old woman, suffered from a rapid cycling affective disorder that was severely affected by her menstrual cycle and responded positively to oral contraceptives (OCs). The patient had a 24-year history of numerous manic and depressive episodes, the 1st of which coincided with menarche. She had noted that, 4 days before menses, she would experience symptoms of premenstrual tension syndrome (PMS) and often the onset of an affective episode. Treatment with a series of psychotropic agents had not been effective in controlling the number of episodes. However, the patient reported that there had been an 8-9-month period in the past when she had taken OCs and had fewer symptoms. Thus, the patient was placed on Ortho-Novum as well as imipramine. At the 9-month follow-up, she reported there had been no further episodes of depression or mania. The exact mechanism behind estrogen's psychotropic effect is unclear, although it increases the central availability of norepinephrine and induces changes in dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic receptors. Beta-endorphin levels covary with estrogen levels, and estrogen seems to affect every major neurotransmitter system. The fact that estrogen has not consistently been shown to be effective in this regard may only signify the existence of a distinct subclass of affective disorders closely linked to the menstrual cycle. This subclass may have some type of dysfunction within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis that contributes to mood swings.
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PMID:Antidepressant effects of estrogen. 405 18

This study assesses the influence of 2 popular oral contraceptive (OC) agents that seem to act like progesterone in the induction of mammary cancer in rats. 35 day old rats were maintained on a diet of Wayne Lab-Blox ad lib, which was tested by the manufacturer for freedom from estrogen. At 48 days, 1/2 of the rats were subjected to bilateral oophorectomy. At 49 days, all of the animals except the control group were started on one of the 2 OCs, either Enovid or Norlestrin at 2 different dosages. On the day after the last dose of the contraceptive, 8 mg of the carcinogen DMBA [7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene], dissolved in 1 ml of sesame oil was administered by intragastric installation. The experimental period was 195 +or- 1 day. Body weight, vaginal cytology, capacity of the dosages of each contraceptive to maintain growth, and tumor histology were measured. The low dosage range of 0.25 mg daily of both OCs increased the occurrence of mammary carcinoma in intact animals by an equal degree, from an average of 44.5% in the control group to 81% in the test group. No differences were seen in any of the oophorectomized animals since oophorectomy interfered with the influence of OC pretreatment. All the test rats were found to be in estrus within 2 days after the beginning of contraceptive feeding. A depression in the slope of weight was found during the period of contraceptive feeding. There was no pattern of difference among the type of tumors seen. Mammary cancer developed more often after 8 mg of DMBA than it did in the control group. This effect was not seen when 1 mg of either contraceptive was given. Progestational activity of these contraceptives was not discernible in the vaginal cytology.
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PMID:Influence of two contraceptives on induction of mammary cancer in rats. 586 77

A number of lines of evidence have suggested that alterations in gonadal steroids may modulate opioid function. We report here the effects of manipulation of female gonadal steroids on the opioid feeding system. Naloxone produced a depression of feeding in all groups. Although the group X dosage interaction was not significant, an internally consistent tendency effect of naloxone among the different treatment groups was observed. Estradiol treated rats were 20 times less sensitive to naloxone's suppressive effects of feeding than ovariectomized animals. Sham operated controls and animals treated with estradiol and progesterone had sensitivities to naloxone which were intermediate to those seen in estradiol treated and ovariectomized animals. A significant drug X dosage interaction was present for the ketocyclazocine effects at 4 hours. Overall, ovariectomized animals were resistant to feeding induced by ketocyclazocine compared to the other groups. Ovariectomy significantly decreased ir-dynorphin levels in the cortex and these values were restored towards normal by a combination of estrogen and progesterone treatment. These studies add to the growing literature suggesting a role for the peripheral endocrine system in the modulation of opioid feeding system.
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PMID:The effect of ovariectomy, estradiol and progesterone on opioid modulation of feeding. 615 May 5

This study describes the use of adult rats as a model to determine whether chronic estrogen treatment irreversibly alters the capacity of Sertoli cells to secrete androgen binding protein (ABP). Twenty-five adult rats were implanted with silastic tubing containing 17 beta-estradiol. After 1 month of estradiol the epididymides had regressed to 47 per cent of the weight of the epididymides in a control group. The amount of ABP in control epididymides was 9.9 fmol./mg. protein, whereas no ABP was detectable in those from rats treated with estradiol for 1 month. Serum testosterone levels had been depressed by 90 per cent. Estradiol treatment for 8 months resulted in a 60 per cent lower body weight and a 91 per cent decrease in testicular weight compared to control animals. During this period the epididymides regressed significantly. When Sertoli cells were cultured from the testes of the estradiol implanted rats, in spite of the dramatic changes which had occurred in the testes, within 4 days the cultured cells synthesized ABP in response to FSH and testosterone. Furthermore, the direct addition of estrogen at a concentration of 200 ng./ml. to rat Sertoli cell cultures failed to depress ABP below control levels. Thus, although estradiol depresses ABP synthesis in vivo, probably through its depression of both gonadotrophin secretion and testosterone biosynthesis, it has no direct effect on the Sertoli cells, and its long-term inhibition of ABP synthesis by an indirect mechanism is reversible.
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PMID:The effect of estrogen on Sertoli cell function. 681 68

The effect of pinealectomy (Px) on the development of steroid positive feedback on luteinizing hormone (LH) release was examined in female rats subjected to surgery at 10 days of age. Estradiol-progesterone injection decreased serum LH in sham Px or intact controls younger than 20 days, while a significant LH release was found at day 22; Px rats showed a steroid-induced LH depression only at day 16, a positive feedback being detectable at day 20, 2 days earlier than in sham Px or intact rats. Daily injections of 10-50 micrograms melatonin to intact rats disrupted the LH negative feedback response at day 20, and diminished steroid-induced LH release at day 24.
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PMID:Pinealectomy advances the time of development of steroid feedback on luteinizing hormone release in immature female rats. 710 19


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