Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Impotence is often associated with protease inhibitor use, but much of the medical press ignored this issue until Spanish doctors described sexual difficulties following protease inhibitor therapy in 14 of 260 patients. Causes of sexual dysfunction in HIV-infected men are difficult to isolate but may also be traced to depression, physical weakness, opportunistic infections, stress, nerve damage, or hormonal imbalances. Pfizer, the manufacturer of Viagra, released study data on the effects of the drug used in combination with Ritonavir and Saquinavir; the data led Pfizer to alter Viagra dosing recommendations for people on protease inhibitors.
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PMID:Protease inhibitors, sexual dysfunction and Viagra. 1136 2

The DRS-R-98, a 16-item clinician-rated scale with 13 severity items and 3 diagnostic items, was validated against the Cognitive Test for Delirium (CTD), Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI), and Delirium Rating Scale (DRS) among five diagnostic groups (N=68): delirium, dementia, depression, schizophrenia, and other. Mean and median DRS-R-98 scores significantly (P<0.001) distinguished delirium from each other group. DRS-R-98 total scores correlated highly with DRS, CTD, and CGI scores. Interrater reliability and internal consistency were very high. Cutoff scores for delirium are recommended based on ROC analyses (sensitivity and specificity ranges: total, 91%-100% and 85%-100%; severity, 86%-100% and 77%-93%, respectively, depending on the cutoffs or comparison groups chosen). The DRS-R-98 is a valid measure of delirium severity over a broad range of symptoms and is a useful diagnostic and assessment tool. The DRS-R-98 is ideal for longitudinal studies.
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PMID:Validation of the Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98: comparison with the delirium rating scale and the cognitive test for delirium. 1144 30

The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) and the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS; Reynolds, 1987) were administered to 56 female and 44 male psychiatric inpatients whose ages ranged from 12 to 17 years old. The Cronbach coefficient alpha(s) for the BDI-II and RADS were, respectively, .92 and .91 and indicated comparably high levels of internal consistency. The correlation between the BDI-II and RADS total scores was .84,p <.001. Binormal receiver-operating-characteristic analyses indicated that both instruments were comparably effective in differentiating inpatients who were and were not diagnosed with a major depressive disorder; the areas under the ROC curves for the BDI-II and RADS were, respectively, .78 and .76. The results (a) indicate that the BDI-II and the RADS have similar psychometric characteristics and (b) support the convergent validity of the BDI-II for assessing self-reported depression in adolescent inpatients.
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PMID:Convergent validity of the Beck depression inventory-II with the reynolds adolescent depression scale in psychiatric inpatients. 1214 14

Routine hospital psychological care must necessarily make use of a clinically reliable screening instrument for the identification of the patients to be referred for a clinical interview with a psychologist. This study compared two tests for the evaluation of anxiety and depression that are widely used in the hospital setting: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Form A-D, consisting of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-X1) for the evaluation of anxiety, and the Depression Questionnaire (DQ) for measuring depression. The aim of the study was to identify which of these instruments is the most suitable for screening a population admitted at in-hospital intensive rehabilitation using the clinical interview-based psychological evaluation as the gold standard. Both of the tests showed a concordance with the clinical opinion expressed by the psychologist, whose judgement was guided by the use of the validation study evaluation form. The analyses confirmed the good correlation of the two instruments in measuring anxiety and depression. The sensitivity of the STAI-X1 (52%) was less than that of HADS section A (72%), but its specificity (99%) was greater than that observed with the application of the HADS Anxiety subscale (84%). Analysis of the ROC curves showed that the STAI-X1 percentages of sensitivity and specificity tended to balance at higher level with a cut-off point equal to the 80th percentile. The results of the analysis of the DQ demonstrated equivalence with the results obtained using HADS section D, with a cut-off point of the 90th percentile. On the basis of these results, and given that both the STAI-X1 and the DQ have a broadly based Italian normative population, we feel that they can be recommended for psychological screening of patients in an in-hospital intensive rehabilitation.
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PMID:Clinical validation of an anxiety and depression screening test for intensive in-hospital rehabilitation. 1241 22

The detection of patients with comorbid mental disorders is of high clinical importance in cardiac and orthopaedic rehabilitation. To simplify detection of cases, screening instruments are recommended. This study investigated the discriminant validity of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D) to identify patients with comorbid mental disorders and specifically affective or anxiety disorders. 213 patients with cardiovascular diseases and 206 patients with musculoskeletal diseases participated in a two-stage survey. Patients were assessed with the GHQ-12 and the HADS-D; and they were examined for DSM-IV mental disorders by clinical standardized interview (CIDI). Validity of the two screenings regarding the detection of mental disorders was compared using ROC-analysis. In both patient groups the HADS-D performed better in nearly all analyses compared to the GHQ-12, especially in the detection of affective disorders (AUC in cardiac patients 0.78, in orthopaedic patients 0.79). Both screening instruments can be used for the detection of comorbid affective and anxiety disorders in patients with cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases. Limitations in performance of screening instruments are due to the different methodological approaches of tests as well as to difficulties in diagnosing mental disorders in patients with physical illness.
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PMID:[Screening for mental disorders in cardiac and orthopaedic rehabilitation]. 1249 Nov 71

1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows accurate and non-invasive in vivo metabolic study, and is a useful tool for the diagnosis of different forms of dementias. Cognitive impairment pathologies have been almost exclusively studied with MRS by comparison with healthy without a global comparison amongst Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and major depression patients with cognitive impairment. Whereas decrease of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and increase myo-Inositol (mI) at different brain locations by 1H MRS are common features of AD, Choline (Cho) alterations have been inconclusive. In our study, 64 patients with cognitive impairment were evaluated by 1H MRS using two echo times (31 and 136 ms). There were statistical differences between dementia (AD and vascular dementia) and non-dementia (MCI and depression) spectra at posterior cingulate gyrus. Cho/Cr, mI/Cr and NAA/Cr have been valuables for the differentiation amongst the different cognitive impairment entities. NAA/mI provides the best area under the ROC curve with the highest sensitivity (82.5%) and specificity (72.7%) in diagnosing AD. NAA/mI and mI/Cr ratios differed amongst the four cognitive impairment degenerative pathologies. Metabolic MRS differences found amongst patients with cognitive impairment entities can be useful to differentiate between AD, vascular dementia, MCI and depression.
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PMID:Cognitive impairment: classification by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 1500 64

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (OCS) of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Participants included 48 youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 41 with a non-OCD internalizing disorder, and 101 with an externalizing disorder. Confirmatory factor analysis of the 8-item OCS did not result in an adequate fit. Exploratory factor analysis identified a 1-factor model consisting of 6 items. Adequate internal consistency for the revised OCS (OCS-R) was obtained, and convergent validity was supported by moderate relationships with other OCD indices. The OCS-R had stronger associations with measures of OCD symptoms than with measures of depression and externalizing behaviors. Youth with OCD had significantly higher OCS-R scores than those with internalizing and externalizing disorders. Suggestions for cutoff scores are provided using results from ROC analyses. Overall, these findings suggest that the OCS-R is a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of pediatric OCD.
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PMID:Reliability and validity of the Child Behavior Checklist Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. 1604 57

Fear of pain and avoidance are psychological factors of primary importance when assessing chronic musculoskeletal pain, which are often measured with the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ). Both two- and three-subscale versions have been described. The aims of this study were: to assess the cognitive traits of musculoskeletal pain patients using a newly validated Greek version of the FABQ, and to further examine the construct validity and responsiveness of the measure. Factor analysis yielded three factors that accounted for 65% of the total variance. Physical activity explained 12.3% of the variance and was identical to the original version, unlike the work subscale which split into two: the FABQ work1 related to "work as cause" (15.2% of the variance) and the FABQ work2 related to "work as prognosis" (37.5% of the variance). Internal consistency was good (0.72-0.90). Test-retest reliability was satisfactory and close to the original version both for individual items and the subscales. Responsiveness of the 3-factor model was satisfactorily assessed as the ability to detect: (A) change in general - (paired t test, effect size); (B) clinically important change (paired t test, standardised effect size), and (C) real change in the concept being measured (ROC analysis). Construct validity of the FABQ was shown through the interaction with anxiety and depression, pain control and responsibility, psychological distress and pain intensity, and criterion-related validity through the association with another fear-avoidance measure (TSK). New aspects of responsiveness and construct validity were demonstrated for the FABQ, using a three-subscale validated Greek version.
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PMID:Cognitive assessment of musculoskeletal pain with a newly validated Greek version of the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ). 1677 46

We evaluated the relationship between depression score and acid-base status in 84 purebred and crossbred Japanese Black calves. The bicarbonate (p<0.001) and base excess concentrations (p<0.001) were significantly and negatively correlated with the depression scores of the calves. The proposed diagnostic cutoff point for a depression score that indicates severe metabolic acidosis (BE < -10 mM) is 6.5 based on analysis of the ROC curve. The sensitivity and specificity were 88.4% and 81.2%, respectively. The depression scoring system is a useful tool for evaluation of the acid-base status of purebred and crossbred Japanese Black calves. In addition, a depression score of 6.5 suggests severe metabolic acidosis and that intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate solution is necessary.
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PMID:Relationship between depression score and acid-base status in Japanese Black calves with diarrhea. 1755 Dec 32

The objective of this study was to examine the validity of the mentation, behavior, and mood items included in Part I of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and to assess its usefulness to screen for dementia, psychosis, depression, and apathy. A consecutive series of 168 patients with PD were assessed by neurologists with the UPDRS, and by psychiatrists using a comprehensive neuropsychiatric evaluation blind to each other's ratings. ROC analysis demonstrated that a score of 2 or greater on the intellectual impairment item of the UPDRS had 60% sensitivity and 92% specificity to detect dementia, as diagnosed with DSM-IV criteria. When a score of 23 or lower on the MMSE was included as an additional classification variable, the sensitivity increased to 85%. A score of 2 or greater on the thought disorder item had 43% sensitivity and 92% specificity to detect psychotic symptoms (delusions or hallucinations). A score of 2 or greater on the depression item had 77% sensitivity and 82% specificity to detect major depression as diagnosed with DSM-IV criteria. Finally, a score of 2 or greater on the motivation/initiative item had 73% sensitivity and 65% specificity to detect apathy, as diagnosed with a standardized criteria. When the sample was divided into mild (i.e. Hohen-Yahr stages I and II) versus moderate-severe PD (i.e. Hohen-Yahr stages III-V), findings remained unchanged, except that the UPDRS show unacceptably low accuracy to detect psychosis in mild PD. The mentation, behavior, and mood section of the UPDRS is an adequate screen for depression and apathy, and has adequate sensitivity to detect dementia when combined with the Mini-Mental State Exam, but has low sensitivity to detect psychosis.
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PMID:The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale: validation study of the mentation, behavior, and mood section. 1772 77


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