Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The ability of 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-HT2 receptor antagonists and typical and atypical neuroleptic agents to modify behavioural responding to aversive situations was investigated in the mouse light/dark test and rat social interaction. 2. The administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan inhibited rat social interaction and the exploratory behaviour of mice in the light/dark test. 3. The 5-HT2 receptor antagonists, ketanserin, ritanserin, MDL11939, methysergide and RP62203, the neuroleptic agents, spiperone, haloperidol and benperidol, and the atypical neuroleptic agent, clozapine, when administered alone failed to modify mouse or rat behaviour. In contrast, when administered alone, sulpiride in rats and mice and thioridazine in rats disinhibited behaviour. 4. Methysergide, RP62203, ketanserin, ritanserin and MDL11939 antagonized the inhibitory effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan or reversed the inhibitory effects to one of disinhibition. 5. Low doses of spiperone (but not haloperidol or benperidol) also antagonized the inhibitory effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan in the rat but not the mouse. Higher doses of the three neuroleptic agents caused locomotor depression in both rats and mice which obscured any specific changes in behavioural responding to the aversive situations. 6. The disinhibitory profile of sulpiride in both mice and rats and thioridazine in rats was evident during their interaction with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Thioridazine in the mouse and clozapine in rats and mice also reversed the inhibitory effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan to one of disinhibition. 7. In summary, we present evidence that the atypical neuroleptic agents, thioridazine and clozapine, with their known affinity for the 5-HT2 receptors, can mimic the actions of reference 5-HT2 receptor antagonists to antagonize the inhibitory effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan in rodent models of anxiety. The results are intepreted in terms of drug action on different 5-HT2 and other 5-HT receptor subtypes. In addition, thioridazine and sulpiride have disinhibitory effects in their own right which remain to be explained.
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PMID:Behavioural interactions between 5-hydroxytryptophan, neuroleptic agents and 5-HT receptor antagonists in modifying rodent responding to aversive situations. 868 Jul 34

A survey of the prescribing of psychotropic drugs was carried out at the Psychiatric Hospital of Bahrain. This retrospective study on 60 inpatients of the Long Stay Ward revealed a man:woman ratio of 2.7. 91% of the men and 88% of the women were over 40 years old. 44 of the 60 patients had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, the rest had dementia, depression, schizoaffective disorders, drug-induced psychosis, general paralysis or Huntington's chorea. 95% of patients received antipsychotic drugs. Thioridazine was the most common drug followed by chlorpromazine. The mean number of drugs/patient was 1.7, with 41.7% of patients receiving only 1 drug. Tardive dyskinesia was observed in 11 patients and 9 experienced varying degrees of tremor. The findings confirm that psychiatric illness treated by psychiatrists need not lead to polypharmacy. As a consequence, its treatment may be less likely to result in adverse reactions than when patients are treated by general practitioners.
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PMID:Utilisation of psychotropic drugs in patients of the long stay ward. 1014 30

Mexiletine, an anti-arrhythmic agent, is used for the control of ventricular arrhythmias and for neuropathic pain from cancer or diabetes mellitus. It is sometimes used together with psychotropic drugs in patients with depression, schizophrenia or sleep disorder. It is metabolized mainly by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2 D 6 and, to a minor extent, by CYP1A2. To predict possible drug interactions between mexiletine and psychotropic drugs, the inhibitory effects of 14 psychotropic drugs (phenytoin, carbamazepine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, fluoxetine, citalopram, sertraline, imipramine, desipramine, haloperidol, thioridazine, olanzapine, etizolam, and quazepam) on mexiletine metabolism in human liver microsomes were determined. Fluoxetine (Ki=0.6+/- 0.1 microM), sertraline (Ki=7.6+/- 0.8 microM) and desipramine (Ki=3.2+/- 0.5 microM) competitively inhibited the mexiletine p-hydroxylation in human liver microsomes. Thioridazine (Kis=0.5+/- 0.2 microM; Kii =3.6+/-1.6 microM) and paroxetine (Kis=1.7+/- 0.7 microM; Kii=3.6+/- 0.9 microM) exhibited a mixed-type inhibition (competitive and non-competitive) toward mexiletine p-hydroxylation in human liver microsomes. The changes of the in vivo clearance of mexiletine by the psychotropic drugs were predicted by 1+(I/Ki) using the in vitro Ki and unbound inhibitor concentrations in liver. The values were calculated as 2.4 for paroxetine, 5.5 for fluoxetine, 1.1 for sertraline, 2.8 for desipramine and 2.2 for thioridazine. In addition, paroxetine exhibited a mechanism-based inactivation with Ki=0.7 microM and Kinact=0.15 min(-1). The present study predicted the possibility of drug interactions between mexiletine and paroxetine, fluoxetine, desipramine, and thioridazine in clinical use.
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PMID:Inhibitory effects of psychotropic drugs on mexiletine metabolism in human liver microsomes: prediction of in vivo drug interactions. 1619 7

The aim of this review was to determine the spectrum and severity of effects of unintentional antipsychotic poisoning in children. A computerised literature search of MEDLINE (1966 to February 2005) and EMBASE (1980 to February 2005) was undertaken. The Internet was searched using URL: www.google.com. The proceedings of the North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology (NACCT) and the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) were hand searched. All cases of unintentional antipsychotic (all classes) poisoning in children aged 0-6 years were included. The data extracted included the age, weight, antipsychotic, dose, clinical effects, treatment and outcomes. The toxic dose was estimated as the lowest dose causing objective adverse effects.Sixty-eight reports were identified. Few contained all of the required information. Most of the case series included multiple antipsychotics with limited information on individual drugs or all ages with limited paediatric information. For most antipsychotics the ingestion of one tablet caused symptoms that were sometimes severe and usually lasted from 1 to 3 days. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) were often delayed for up to 12-24 hours. Chlorpromazine caused CNS depression, hypotension and miosis; EPS and cardiac effects were rare, and the toxic dose was estimated to be 15 mg/kg. Haloperidol caused drowsiness (rarely coma) and over one-half of patients had neuromuscular effects (mainly EPS), with a toxic dose estimated at 0.15 mg/kg. Thioridazine caused CNS depression and potentially cardiac effects, with a toxic dose of 1.4 mg/kg. Atypical antipsychotics caused significant CNS depression (except risperidone); EPS were less common. Toxic doses were clozapine 2.5 mg/kg, olanzapine 0.5 mg/kg and aripiprazole 3 mg/kg. EPS responded to anticholinergic drug treatment. In summary, unintentional antipsychotic ingestion in children can cause severe effects that last 1-3 days, often with one tablet. Children potentially ingesting a toxic dose or who are symptomatic should be considered for assessment in hospital. Most cases resolve with good supportive care. Toxic doses are only estimates that are based on limited data and should be used with caution until prospective studies are undertaken.
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PMID:Antipsychotic poisoning in young children: a systematic review. 1623 55

Affective and schizophrenic illnesses are associated with an elevated--in particular cardiovascular-related--risk of mortality. Patients with a cardiac disease who suffer from episodes of depression should be treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Sertraline and citalopram have a low potential for interaction. Thioridazine, pimozid and ziprasidone are the substances that most commonly lead to lengthening of the QTc interval and thus to repolarization disorders. However, the results of studies carried out to date show that, in contrast to thioridazine and pimozid, ziprasidone has not so far been suspected of having an association with sudden heart death. Prior to starting treatment with tricyclic antidepressants or neuroleptics, a baseline ECG should be obtained. Follow-up ECG should be recorded and consideration given to possible drug interactions leading to cardiac arrhythmias, in particular when low-potency antipsychotics are used.
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PMID:[Relationships between mental and cardiac diseases]. 1628 82

Background: Patients with mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety, who seek medical care in private psychiatric clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, have recently expressed concerns to doctors about difficulty in filling psychotropic medications, such as Amitriptyline and Aripiprazole, at retail community pharmacies. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a shortage of some commonly prescribed psychotropic medications in retail community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia, and if so, to explore the possible reasons behind the shortage of these medications. Methods: The availability of 28 commonly prescribed psychotropic medications was checked in multiple retail community pharmacies in 4 different regions of Saudi Arabia. Further, potential reasons behind the shortage of some psychotropic medications in retail community pharmacies were also explored. Results: Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Aripiprazole, Bupropion, Buspirone, Duloxetine, Haloperidol, Hydroxyzine, Lithium, Prochlorperazine, Procyclidine, Promethazine, Thioridazine, Trazodone, and Trifluoperazine were unavailable in over half of the 248 community pharmacies surveyed. Four possible reasons behind the shortage of these medications were reported by 31 pharmacists working in different retail community pharmacies' purchasing departments, with a majority (58.06%) reporting the primary reason for a shortage of these medications that they are slow-moving items with low profit margins. Conclusions: The findings of this study should expedite the reform process in both the Ministry of Health and the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) to publish and enforce an essential list of medications for retail community pharmacies, which should include the most commonly prescribed psychotropic medications.
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PMID:Shortage of psychotropic medications in community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia: Causes and solutions. 2872 47