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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Frontal-subcortical circuits form the principal network, which mediate motor activity and behavior in humans. Five parallel frontal-subcortical circuits link the specific areas of the frontal cortex to the striatum, basal ganglia and thalamus. These frontal-subcortical circuits originate from the supplementary motor area, frontal eye field, dorsolateral prefrontal region, lateral orbitofrontal region and anterior cingulate portion of the frontal cortex. The open afferent and efferent connections to the frontal-subcortical circuits mediate coordination between functionally similar areas of the brain. Specific chemoarchitecture and multiple neurotransmitter interactions modulate the functional activity of each circuit. Dorsolateral prefrontal circuit lesions cause executive dysfunction, orbitofrontal circuit lesions lead to personality changes characterized by disinhibition and anterior cingulate circuit lesions present with apathy. The neurobiological correlates of neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia and substance abuse, imply involvement of frontal-subcortical circuits.
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PMID:Frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits and clinical neuropsychiatry: an update. 1216 39

Frontal brain asymmetry is associated with differences in the basic dimensions of emotion. It seems to reflect the activation of specialized systems for avoidance-withdrawal behavior. Since patients with panic disorder are characterized by having both negative emotions and avoidance-withdrawal behavior, we expected them to show greater asymmetry in the frontal hemisphere change activation. Near-infrared reflection spectroscopy was recorded from the left and right frontal regions of 23 patients with panic disorder without depression and from 31 healthy control participants in the following conditions: confrontation at rest with neutral (mushroom), anxiety-relevant (spider and snake) or anxiety-irrelevant but emotionally relevant stimuli (erotic picture). Emotional states and traits were assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The left frontal oxyhemoglobin in patients was significantly lower than in control subjects when confronted with anxiety-relevant or anxiety-irrelevant but emotionally relevant stimuli. There was no frontal brain asymmetry when patients or control subjects observed any stimuli. These data suggest that patients with panic disorder are characterized by having a greater decrease in the activation of a left frontal avoidance-withdrawal system in situations with a negative valence. The findings are interpreted as biological evidence for a disturbed cortical processing in patients with panic disorder.
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PMID:Frontal brain hypoactivity as a biological substrate of anxiety in patients with panic disorders. 1275 61

Frontal hypoperfusion and frontal dysfunction have been reported in patients with major depression. It was also found that frontal hypoperfusion correlated with frontal dysfunction evaluated by neuropsychological tests in depressive patients aged 60 or over. These findings suggested that depression may cause frontal dysfunction and frontal hypoperfusion, and that these pathophysiological changes are manifested as psychomotor retardation. We performed single photon emission computed tomography and Modified Stroop Test on 35 patients with depression aged 25-83 to investigate association of depressive symptoms and psychological tests with cerebral blood perfusion. Additionally, we divided the patients into a younger (less than 60 years old) and an older (60 or over) group to examine the effect of age. Significant correlations were found between frontal perfusion, interference measure on Modified Stroop Test, and psychomotor retardation in all patients. These correlations were also found in the younger group. There was no significant difference on frontal perfusion, interference measure of the Modified Stroop Test, and psychomotor retardation between the two groups. The present findings suggest that frontal hypoperfusion, frontal dysfunction, and psychomotor retardation were associated with one another in not only the old but also the young patients with depression.
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PMID:Psychomotor retardation correlates with frontal hypoperfusion and the Modified Stroop Test in patients under 60-years-old with major depression. 1529 52

We compared the performance of 40 patients with frontal lobe dementia to that of 40 patients with subcortical vascular dementia (80 patients including, 46 men and 34 women) in a set of tasks assessing attentional, executive, and behavioural tasks. The frontal lobe dementia represents an important cause for degenerative disruption and is increasingly recognised as an important form (up to 25%) of degenerative dementia among individuals of late-middle-age. The main involvement is the frontal-subcortical pathway, which is the final target of impairment even in subcortical vascular dementia. A wider involvement of the cortical (decisional) layers in frontal dementia, in contrast with the prominent and widespread involvement of the subcortical pathways (refinement and corrections programs) creates the different profiles of the two groups. Frontal patients have more difficulties in abstract reasoning, focusing attention, and implementing strategies to solve problems. They exhibit more profound behavioural alterations in personality and social conduct and show only moderate depression, and a total lack of insight concerning their dinical condition. In contrast, the patients with subcortical vascular dementia have poor general cognitive functions, high insight, and important depression and apathy as the principal and most salient characteristic of their behavioral conduct.
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PMID:Frontal lobe dementia and subcortical vascular dementia: a neuropsychological comparison. 1582 17

Frontal, limbic and temporal regions of the brain important in emotion perception and executive functioning also have been implicated in the etiology and maintenance of depression; yet, the relationships among these topics remain poorly understood. The present study evaluated emotion perception and executive functioning among 21 depressed women and 20 nondepressed women controls. Depressed women performed significantly worse than controls in emotion perception accuracy and in inhibitory control, an aspect of executive functioning, whereas the groups did not differ in other cognitive tests assessing memory, visual-spatial, motor, and attention skills. The findings suggest that emotion perception and executive functioning are disproportionately negatively affected relative to other cognitive functions, even in a high-functioning group of mildly depressed women. Measures of emotion perception and executive functioning may be of assistance in objectively measuring functional capability of the ventral and dorsal neural systems, respectively, as well as in the diagnosis of depression.
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PMID:Face emotion perception and executive functioning deficits in depression. 1596 55

Psychophysiological responses during affect regulation were examined in 57 children ages 3-9 years, 41 of whom had a parent history of childhood-onset depression (COD). During a structured laboratory task, children were given first a disappointing toy and then a desired toy. Frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), heart period, and heart period variability were measured during resting and task conditions. Affective and self-regulatory behaviors were coded from videotape. In 3-5-year olds, greater relative right frontal activity was associated with withdrawal behavior. High heart period was associated with approach behavior. Compared with children of psychiatrically healthy parents, children of parents with COD exhibited poor heart period recovery after disappointment. For children of parents with COD, greater relative left frontal activity was related to concurrent internalizing and externalizing problems, and low resting RSA was related to internalizing problems. Physiological responses associated with affect regulation may help identify children at risk for depression.
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PMID:Children's affect regulation during a disappointment: psychophysiological responses and relation to parent history of depression. 1611 22

Alprazolam (Xanax) is used in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and panic attacks, and is subject to abuse. The objective of this study was to describe the patterns of alprazolam abuse and drug identification (ID) calls received by several poison control centers. Cases were alprazolam calls received by 6 poison control centers during 1998-2004. Of 25,954 alprazolam calls received, 42% were drug ID calls and 51% were human exposure calls, of which 18% were abuse calls. The number of drug ID calls and the number of abuse calls both increased during the 7-yr period. Male patients accounted for 54% of abuse calls and females for 66% of nonabuse calls. Adolescent patients comprised 43% of abuse calls but only 12% of nonabuse calls. Although the majority of both types of human exposures occurred at the patient's own residence, abuse exposures were more likely than other exposures to occur at school (9% vs. 1%) and public areas (6% vs. 1%). While abuse calls were less likely than nonabuse calls to have no adverse clinical effects (19% vs. 23%), they were more likely to have minor medical outcomes (60% vs. 50%). Alprazolam abuse in Texas appears to be increasing. Alprazolam abusers are more likely to be male and often adolescent. Alprazolam abuse as compared to other exposures is more likely to occur outside of the person's home. Alprazolam abuse is more likely to involve some sort of adverse medical outcome.
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PMID:Alprazolam abuse in Texas, 1998-2004. 1626 94

The external morphology of the head and appendages of adult Polygenis (Polygenis) tripus [Jordan, K., 1933. Descriptions of Siphonaptera. Nov. Zool. 39, 66-69] (Siphonaptera: Rhopalopsyllidae) was described based on scanning electron microscopy. Chaetal, trichoid and basiconic sensilla were encountered and their positions noted, comparisons being made between male and female specimens. Those of the basiconic type were particularly abundant on the frontal and occipital regions of the head and were surrounded by several pores, indicating the considerable sensory importance of these areas. Frontal tubercle was observed as a projection emerging from a depression in the frontal head region. The antennae of males were more developed, presenting greater number of sensilla on the scape and about 370 spatulate setae on the internal surface of the clava. Three large chemoreceptors, digitate sensilla ca. 11-13 microm were observed on the lateral surface of the antennal clava of both sexes between antennomeres 4-7. Females present a characteristic distribution of basiconic sensilla on the dorsal margin and median external surface of the clava. Trichoid sensilla were observed on all segments of the maxilary palps while basiconic sensilla were only recognized on the distal three segments.
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PMID:Scanning electron microscopy studies of sensilla and other structures of the head of Polygenis (Polygenis) tripus (Siphonapera: Rhopalopsyllidae). 1645 93

Resting frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) asymmetry has been hypothesized to tap a diathesis toward depression or other emotion-related psychopathology. Frontal EEG asymmetry was assessed in college women who reported high (n = 12) or low (n = 11) levels of premenstrual negative affect. Participants were assessed during both the follicular and the late luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Women reporting low premenstrual dysphoric symptomatology exhibited greater relative left frontal activity at rest than did women high in premenstrual dysphoric symptomatology, an effect that was not qualified by phase of cycle. Although women with extreme levels of symptomatology were assessed, the question of whether such symptoms qualified for premenstrual dysphoric disorder criteria was not assessed. These results are consistent with a diathesis-stress model for premenstrual dysphoric symptomatology.
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PMID:Frontal EEG asymmetry and premenstrual dysphoric symptomatology. 1649 9

Chronic lithium and carbamazepine, which are effective against mania in bipolar disorder, decrease the activity of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and the turnover rate of arachidonic acid in phospholipids in rat brain. Assuming that stages of bipolar disorder are related to brain arachidonic acid metabolism, we hypothesized that drugs effective in depression would increase cPLA(2) activity. To test this hypothesis, adult male CDF-344 rats were administered fluoxetine (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) or saline (control) (i.p.) chronically for 21 days. Frontal cortex cPLA(2) protein, phosphorylated cPLA(2), activity and mRNA levels were increased after chronic fluoxetine. Transcription factors (activator protein-1, activator protein-2, glucocorticoid response element, polyoma enhancer element-3 and nuclear factor-kappa B) that are known to regulate cPLA(2) gene expression were not significantly changed by chronic fluoxetine, but nuclear AU-rich element/poly(U)-binding/degradation factor-1 RNA-stabilizing protein was increased significantly. The results suggest that chronic fluoxetine increases brain cPLA(2) gene expression post-transcriptionally by increasing cPLA(2) mRNA stabilization. Chronic fluoxetine's effect on cPLA(2) expression was opposite to the effect reported with chronic lithium or carbamazepine administration, and may be part of fluoxetine's mode of action.
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PMID:Chronic fluoxetine upregulates activity, protein and mRNA levels of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in rat frontal cortex. 2905 39


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