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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the frame of the ABC (Age, Beginning and Course) Schizophrenia Project we studied the influence of age and sex on first-ever onset, symptom manifestation and early course up to first admission in schizophrenia by using a large, representative sample of first-admitted schizophrenic patients. The results showed that the two variables had surprisingly little bearing upon the core symptoms, particularly on negative and other most frequent symptoms and on first-rank symptoms. In 70% of the cases schizophrenia started solely with negative symptoms, in 20% with negative and positive and in 10% with positive symptoms only. In most of the cases symptoms accumulated exponentially up to the first acute episode with positive symptoms appearing considerably later. The age differences observed concerned secondary phenomena associated with developmental factors. Such phenomena, i.e. anxiety, depression and the cognitive formation of delusions, can be interpreted as responses to the psychosis. Also the sex differences, which culminated in far more frequent socially negative disease behaviour in males, were limited to secondary phenomena. This positive and negative core symptomatology of schizophrenia seems to be astonishingly uniform and fairly independent of age and sex at this early stage of the disease. The only remarkable difference was a three to four years higher mean age of onset in females. We were able to show in animal experiments and to confirm in a clinical study that this finding is attributable to a neuromodulatory effect of estrogens on the sensitivity of D2 receptors in the brain. Apparently, estrogens raise the vulnerability threshold until menopause and have a slight neuroleptic-like effect on the symptomatology in acute schizophrenic episodes.
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PMID:First onset and early symptomatology of schizophrenia. A chapter of epidemiological and neurobiological research into age and sex differences. 148 99

An immunohistochemical and histopathological study using the ABC technique was carried out to examine time-sequential virus spread in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice after inoculation with the CVS strain of fixed rabies virus by different routes; intracerebral (ic), intraocular (io), intranasal (in), intramuscular (im) and subcutaneous (sc). Only the ic and io inoculations caused fatal infections, so that detailed analysis was conducted on mice inoculated by these two routes. In ic-inoculated mice, viral antigens were detected mainly in neurons in the cerebral cortex and in the pyramidal cells and granular cells of the hippocampus. After io inoculation, viral antigen was first detected in the trigeminal nerve ganglia, following which it spreads to the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. In the hippocampus only a few cells were viral antigen-positive at the early stage after io inoculation. There were no inflammatory lesions or Negri bodies in the CNS of mice infected by either route. This suggests that clinical signs such as ataxia or depression leading to death may be due to the direct effect of the virus on the functions of neural cells, but not to inflammatory reactions. The ABC method will be useful for the early diagnosis of suspected patients or animals to have the disease when conventional histopathological and immunofluorescent antibody techniques can not detect lesions or viral antigens.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical and histopathological study of experimental rabies infection in mice. 164 65

Depressive syndromes in schizophrenia are reported in the prodromal stage of the early course, during the first or later psychotic episodes, but also after the fading out of an acute episode and as a precursor of relapse. According to these multiple conditions several explanations also exist as to how to understand depression in schizophrenia. Some authors interpret it as an elementary part of the schizophrenic symptomatology, which is only masked by positive symptoms (revealed depression). However, it can also be understood as a reactive depression or as caused by neuroleptic treatment, as part of the negative syndrome or as co-morbidity. In the ABC-Schizophrenia-Study, depression in the early course was analysed for patients in their first psychotic episode at index admission and an ICD-9 diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD 295). In 81% of this sample depression was observed, beginning on average 4.3 years prior to index admission. In 42% of the patients depression began in the prepsychotic phase. In 18% the positive and the depressive syndrome developed within one month, and in 21% depression started after the first positive symptom occurred. We could only observe a clear sequence of depressive, negative and positive symptoms in the subgroup characterised by prepsychotic depression. A clear order of negative and positive symptoms was not observed in the other groups. Patients without depression in the early course have lower symptom levels at index admission. They present less positive symptoms (CATEGO-subscore DAH), fewer behavioural disturbances (subscore BSO) and also lower scores of non-specific symptoms (subscores SNR and NSN). More than 80% of the patients with depression in the early course also had a simple depression (as defined by the CATEGO-syndrome SD). Contrary to this, only 20% of the patient group without depression in the early course have positive SD values. Comparable percentages of males and females have depression in the early course, but in females depression begins more frequently in the prepsychotic phase, whereas in the male subgroup it more often starts postpsychotically, i.e. after the onset of the first psychotic symptom.
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PMID:[Depression in the early course of schizophrenia]. 795 15

Three methods of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were compared in respect of therapeutic effect in 69 attacks of endogenous depression in 65 patients, not previously treated by ECT during the actual period of illness. The treatments were given under barbiturate narcosis, with full muscular relaxation, administration of oxygen and electroencephalographic recording of the seizure discharge. In two methods grand mal seizures were evoked by supraliminal (A) and liminal stimulation (B), in the third (C) lidocaine (3 mg/kg i.v.) was given before the application of liminal stimulation. The seizure discharges in C were markedly shortened and their pattern modified, while between A and B the duration and pattern of the seizures were similar (Table 1). The patients were referred to the three treatments at random and the groups may be regarded as having a similar prognosis (Table 2-5, 7). The therapeutic outcome was estimated by rating several depressive symptoms according to a rating scale worked out for the purpose. The rating was performed before treatment, one week after the fourth treatment (a treatment pause was then made) and one week after the completed series. To obtain more reliable measures the scores for the various symptoms were added together to form a total score, which was then divided into a depression score and a retardation score, presumably measuring mainly depressive mood and psychomotor retardation. Differences in rating scores on two rating occasions were taken as measures of improvement. In addition, a global rating of improvement was made. The rating procedure was double blind. The principal results were: 1. After four treatments (three patients who recovered after three treatments included) the degree of improvement was in the rank order ABC with significant group differences for a few scores. After the completed series of treatments improvement in groups A and B did not differ significantly whereas in group C it was significantly smaller for some scores (Table 9). 2. The total number of treatments was significantly higher in group C than in group A and B, which did not differ significantly between themselves (Table 10). 3. A measure of therapeutic efficiency, improvement per treatment, was computed by dividing the degree of improvement as obtained from the differences in the combined scores and from the global score of improvement, by the number of treatments. After four treatments the improvement per treatment was highest in group A and lowest in group C, although in the comparisons AB and BC most differences did not reach significance. After the completed series the improvement per treatment did not differ significantly in groups A and B whereas in group C it was significantly less (Table 10). 4. In comparison with groups A and B, the total duration of seizure discharges was significantly shorter in group C both after four treatments and, in spite of the higher number of treatments, after the completed series. The improvement per second of seizure discharge was not significantly different in the groups although there was a tendency to a lower effect per second in group B (Table 11). It is concluded from these results that shortening of the seizure discharge decreases the therapeutic efficiency of ECT. Increase of the stimulus intensity, which apparently does not change the seizure discharge, possibly gives a more rapid therapeutic response but does not change the final degree of improvement or the number of treatments required to reach it. The depression-relieving effect of ECT is bound to seizure activity and not, or only slightly, to other effects of electrical stimulation.
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PMID:Experimental studies of the therapeutic action of electroconvulsive therapy in endogenous depression. The role of the electrical stimulation and of the seizure studied by variation of stimulus intensity and modification by lidocaine of seizure discharge. 887 6

Within the ABC Schizophrenia Study, a large-scale investigation of the influences of age and gender on schizophrenia, the retrospective reports on emerging psychopathology during the early course of schizophrenia given by 171 post-psychotic patients and their significant others were compared in a representative first-admission sample by means of the Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset and Early Course of Schizophrenia. High agreement (kappa) between patients and relatives was found for substance abuse, suicidal behaviour, parental and marital role deficits, and paranoid delusions. Low positive agreement rates (sensitivity) were seen for perceptual and formal thought disorders. Low negative agreement rates (specificity) were found for depression, anxiety, and similar "unspecific' symptoms. Relatives' reports are helpful but should be used with caution.
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PMID:Sensitivity and specificity of relatives' reports on the early course of schizophrenia. 904 77

Because a valid psychiatric history is difficult to obtain from an acute psychotic patient, particularly upon first admission, information given by important others is necessary for diagnostic classification, but the validity of this data must be examined. Within the ABC Schizophrenia Study, the onset and early course of schizophrenia was assessed from 171 post-psychotic first admissions and their close relatives. High agreement was found for substance abuse, self-destructive behaviour, paranoid delusion and social role deficits. Agreement was low for unspecific symptoms like depression, anxiety, problems with concentration or sleep. Due to a lack of sensitivity of the relatives' reports, agreement was also low for formal thought and perceptual disorders and derealization. A second study with 30 patients with schizophrenia and with 2 or more relatives for each case (n = 69) demonstrated that the quality of relatives' reports depends primarily on the relative's image of the patient (e.g., perceived dominance) and on the relative's attributions about the cause of the disease. Close and long contact tends to impair the quality of reports. Again, the observation of different symptoms is influenced differently by these factors.
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PMID:[Reliability of family reports of illness anamnesis of schizophrenic patients]. 923 7

The extracellular matrix is a complex network of macromolecules including glycoproteins, polysaccharides and proteoglycans. Tenascin-R and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are essential components of hippocampal extracellular matrix co-localised in perineuronal nets on interneurons. Mutant mice deficient in expression of tenascin-R showed a two-fold reduction of long-term potentiation induced by theta-burst stimulation of Schaffer collaterals in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 region of the hippocampus, as compared to wild-type mice. The same reduction in potentiation was observed in slices from wild-type mice pretreated for 2h with chondroitinase ABC that completely removed chondroitin sulfates from the extracellular matrix. Treatment of slices from tenascin-R deficient animals with the enzyme did not further reduce potentiation in comparison with untreated slices from these mice, showing an occlusion of effects produced by removal of tenascin-R and chondroitin sulfates. However, the level of potentiation recorded immediately after theta-burst stimulation was significantly higher in wild-type than in tenascin-R deficient mice, whereas chondroitinase ABC had no significant effect on this short-term form of plasticity. Enzymatic treatment also did not affect short-term depression evoked by low-frequency stimulation, whereas this form of synaptic plasticity was reduced in tenascin-R deficient mice. In contrast, long-term depression in CA1 was impaired by digestion of chondroitin sulfates but appeared normal in tenascin-R mutants. Our data demonstrate that tenascin-R and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans differentially modulate several forms of synaptic plasticity, suggesting that different mechanisms are involved.
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PMID:Modification of extracellular matrix by enzymatic removal of chondroitin sulfate and by lack of tenascin-R differentially affects several forms of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. 1137 40

The effects of postnatal depression on cognitive test scores at 20 months and 4; 8 years of age as well as the timing (onset in the early postnatal period versus later), severity, number of episodes, duration of longest phase, recency, and chronicity of material depression on children's cognitive scores at 6; 3 years was investigated. In South Bavaria, Germany, 1,329 mothers of singletons were screened when the children were 6; 3 years of age for the presence of depressive symptoms since the birth of their infant. A standard interview (SADS-L) was used to ascertain DSM-IV diagnosis and details of depressive episodes. Ninety-two mothers were diagnosed as having suffered DSM-IV defined depression (7%). Seven hundred and twenty-one mothers had no depressive episodes or symptoms from their children's birth until 6; 3 years and were used as control group. The children had been assessed with the Griffiths Scales of Babies' Abilities (20 months), the Columbia Mental Maturity Scales (CMM) at 4; 8 years, and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) at 6; 3 years. No significant main effects of severity, timing of onset, duration, or chronicity of depression of the child's cognitive development were found. Significant interactions of gender with chronicity of maternal depression (i.e. early-onset major and repeated episodes) were detected. Low SES boys or boys born at neonatal risk of mothers with chronic depression had lower Achievement Scores in the K-ABC at 6; 3 years than children of mothers with less severe depression or controls. It is concluded that maternal depression per se has negligible effects on children's cognitive development. Long-term effects may be found when maternal depression is chronic, the child is a boy and neonatal risk-born, or the family suffers other social risks.
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PMID:Effects of maternal depression on cognitive development of children over the first 7 years of life. 1146 67

To investigate the effects of apoptosis on colorectal tumorigenesis and its possible biological significance, the apoptotic frequency in primary cultural cell of 9 normal mucosa, 4 adenomas and 9 adenocarcinomas in time period of 2, 12, 24, 48 hour was measured by flow cytometry. The apoptotic cells index (AI) in situ for 15 colorectal normal mucosa, 7 hyperplastic epithelial, 25 adenomas and 77 adenocarcinomas was identified by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasemediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling technique (TUNEL). Ki-67 proliferate index (KI), wafl and p53 genes were immunostained with ABC method. The results showed that culture related apoptotic incidence was obviously decreased in cultural tumor cell when compared with mucosa cell after 24-48 hour in vitro. There was a directly positive relationship between the spontaneous apoptosis and Ki-67-index in vivo. The well differentiated or early stage lesions with intensive bcl-2 expression were significantly more likely to have low AI and KI. Both mp53 accumulation and wafl depression which mainly related to KI, had no apparent correlation with AI, bcl-2/bax expression and clinicopathological features statistically; elevatory bax/bcl-2 and pervasive wafl depression led to an increasing AI/KI both in adenoma with atypia and in advanced cancer with distant metastasis or embolus, comparatively. The data indicated that the reduction of susceptibility to inductive apoptosis may contribute to the early phase of tumorigenesis, that AI in vivo may reflect proliferative activity, and that bcl family was closely associated with spontaneous apoptosis and biological behavior of human colorectal cancer.
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PMID:[Significance of apoptosis status and apoptosis-associated antigen expression in human colorectal adenocarcinoma sequence]. 1221 55

Depressive symptoms are quantitatively and qualitatively among the most important characteristics of schizophrenia. The following contribution reports on the prevalence of depression in 107 patients of the ABC schizophrenia study over 12 years after first hospital admission, looks into a preponderance of depression at certain stages of the illness and the predictive value of depressive symptoms for course and outcome. All but one of the 107 patients experienced one to 10 episodes of depressed mood between index assessment and long-term follow-up. In any month of the observation period about 30-35% of the patients presented at least one symptom of the depressive core syndrome (depressive mood, loss of pleasure, loss of interests, loss of self-confidence, feelings of guilt, suicidal thoughts/suicide attempt). Depressive symptoms are particularly frequent during a psychotic episode at a rate of approximately 50%. There were moderate but statistically significant correlations between the amount of depressive symptoms during a psychotic episode and the frequency of relapses, defined by hospital admissions as well as the total length of inpatient treatment. Depression occurring in the interval was not associated with an increased need for inpatient treatment.
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PMID:Depression in the long-term course of schizophrenia. 1599 1


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