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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The objectives were to determine the effects of rate of BW gain and type of silage fed before puberty on the partitioning of excess dietary energy between synthesis of milk and BW gain in second or third lactation. Accordingly, 41 Holstein heifers weighing 175 kg were fed diets containing either alfalfa silage or corn silage to gain either 725 or 950 g/d until BW was 325 kg and two estrous cycles were observed. Puberty occurred near 281 kg of BW. During second (n = 36) or third (n = 5) lactation, the cows were fed a control diet (60% forage and 40% concentrate) and a high energy diet (20% forage and 80% concentrate) in a double-reversal experimental design with three 6-wk periods. The rate of BW gain before puberty did not affect the magnitude of changes in DMI, milk yield, milk composition, or concentrations of thyroid hormones, insulin, bST, glucose, or lipids in serum when cows were switched from a control to a high energy diet during second or third lactation. However, compared with cows fed a corn silage diet, cows fed alfalfa silage between 175 and 325 kg of BW had more depressed yields of fat, total solids, and FCM when fed the high energy diet than when fed the control diet during second or third lactation. Increased deposition of fat in adipose and mammary tissues of cows with mean BW gain in excess of 950 g/d or fed a corn silage diet between 175 and 325 kg of BW did not result in more pronounced depression of milk fat percentage when cows were switched from a control to a high energy diet during second or third lactation. Overall, neither rate of BW gain nor type of silage fed between 175 and 325 kg of BW had a major influence on partitioning of excess dietary energy between synthesis of milk and BW gain during second or third lactation.
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PMID:Effects of prepubertal growth rate and diet on lipid metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. 759 46

Data were pooled from 11 studies evaluating supplemental fat sources differing primarily in degree of saturation (tallow, animal-vegetable fat, vegetable oil, and hydrogenated fats). Data were standardized as proportions of the respective controls to reduce variation among individual studies and were subjected to stepwise multiple regression against the iodine value of fats, the percentage increases of total fatty acids in diets above the respective controls, or the ratio of total C16 to C18 fatty acids in fats (only for hydrogenated fats). Increased iodine value (increasing unsaturation) of fats increased apparent fatty acid digestibility, especially as iodine value increased from 11 to 27. For partially hydrogenated fat sources, as the ratio of C16 to C18 fatty acids increased, digestibility also increased, especially with increasing iodine value (positive interaction). Beneficial effects of higher C16:C18 ratio were reduced as amount of added fat increased (negative interaction). Dry matter intake and FCM production decreased as iodine value increased, perhaps because of inhibition of fiber digestion or metabolic regulation of DMI. Milk protein percentage depression averaged .2 percentage units for most fats. However, as partially hydrogenated fat sources became more saturated, milk protein depression appeared to be less evident; increased ratio of C16:C18 of fatty acids appeared to increase milk protein percentage. Despite the lower apparent digestibility of fatty acids of hydrogenated fats, increased milk production and percentages of fat and protein appeared to make them more economical than more unsaturated fats.
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PMID:Assessment of the effects of iodine value on fatty acid digestibility, feed intake, and milk production. 796 57

Nine pregnant, nonlactating cows were used to monitor liver triglycerides before and after parturition. Estimates were made of the contribution of depressed feed intake and parturition to plasma NEFA concentrations and development of fatty liver. Liver biopsies and plasma samples were obtained on d 19, 10, 5, 3, and 1 prior to calving and on d 1, 7, 14, and 21 after calving. Depression of DMI started on d 2 prior to calving and was 40% of DMI on d 3 prior to depression of feed intake. Elevation of plasma NEFA concentrations started prior to DMI depression, on d 5 before parturition. Liver triglyceride infiltration did not occur until the concentration of plasma NEFA was maximized on d 1 after calving. This result implicated the acute rise in NEFA at calving as a contributing factor to triglyceride accumulation in the liver. The increasing plasma glucose and decreasing plasma BHBA prior to calving may have reflected metabolic changes toward gluconeogenesis. Liver glycogen decreased 70% during the final 19 d prior to calving. Hepatic triglyceride infiltration (7.7% DM basis) on d 1 post-partum and duration of DMI depression prepartum were less severe than those observed in previous studies. Frequent liver biopsies did not affect DMI.
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PMID:Peripartum liver triglyceride and plasma metabolites in dairy cows. 808 10

Four concentrations of dietary nonfiber carbohydrate (42, 36, 30, and 24%) were evaluated using eight multiparous Holstein cows (662 kg of BW; 63 DIM) in replicated 4 x 4 Latin squares with 28-d periods. Shelled corn and soybean meal were partially replaced with wheat middlings, dried brewers grains, and soy hulls to formulate 36, 30, and 24% nonfiber carbohydrate diets. Decreasing dietary nonfiber carbohydrate decreased DMI, did not affect actual or fat-corrected milk production, increased milk fat percentage, and decreased milk protein percentage and production. Apparent total tract DM and OM digestibilities were highest for 36% and lowest for 24% nonfiber carbohydrate diets. Digestibility of NDF was lowest for the 42% nonfiber carbohydrate diet. Ruminal pH and acetate:propionate increased, and total VFA concentrations decreased, as dietary nonfiber carbohydrate decreased. Ruminal degradation of alfalfa hay DM and NDF were higher for low nonfiber carbohydrate diets. Significant depression of DMI (.9 to 1.8 kg/d) coincided with dietary nonfiber carbohydrate concentration at or below 30%. Results indicate that diets for cows producing 40 kg/d should contain more than 30% nonfiber carbohydrate and suggest little benefit of 42 over 36% nonfiber carbohydrate diets.
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PMID:Impact of nonfiber carbohydrate on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. 808 18

Lactating Holstein cows (n = 56) were fed high grain TMR in three feeding experiments to determine the effects of two rumen buffers on feed intake, milk production, and milk composition. The basal diet in Experiment 1 was 40% grass silage, 12% whole cottonseed, and 48% concentrate with treatments of 1) control (no added buffer), 2) 1.5% of dietary DM as Alkaten, and 3) 1.5% of dietary DM as Rumen 8. In Experiment 2, diets consisted of 12% corn and sunflower silage, 20% whole cottonseed, and 68% concentrate with treatments as in Experiment 1. The diets in Experiment 3 were identical to those in Experiment 2, except that buffers were increased to 2.2% of dietary DM. The DMI was greater for cows fed buffered diets than control diets in Experiments 2 and 3. Milk production was unaffected by treatment. Milk fat percentage was unaffected by diet in Experiment 1 and averaged 3.8%. Milk fat depression was alleviated for cows fed buffered diets in Experiments 2 and 3. No differences in rumen fluid pH or molar percentage of VFA were significant among treatments.
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PMID:Effect of buffer addition to high grain total mixed rations on rumen pH, feed intake, milk production, and milk composition. 816 86

This report presents a direct comparison of defensive styles (as measured by the Defense Mechanisms Inventory [DMI]) in a sample of depressed psychiatric inpatients and samples of nondepressed male and female normative groups. Consistent with the "depressive realism" literature, nondepressed men and women were more likely than their depressed counterparts to bias their perceptions in an overly cheerful, optimistic direction. Counternormative sex differences were also found. Depressed men were more likely to use internalizing defenses and depressed women were more likely to use externalizing defenses than their respective nondepressed comparison groups. Overall, as has been speculated, there was a relationship within depressed subjects between depression severity and the amount of negatively biased self-perception.
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PMID:A direct comparison of the defense mechanisms of nondepressed people and depressed psychiatric inpatients. 842 95

Metabolic and endocrinological characteristics were compared for cows that differed in the extent of milk fat depression. Forty-one multiparous Holstein cows were fed control (40% concentrate and 60% forage) and high concentrate (80% concentrate and 20% forage) diets in a doubale-reversal design. Cows showing one or more percentage units of depression in milk fat were arbitrarily classified as responders (n = 26); those remaining were classified as nonresponders (n = 15). Compared with nonresponders, responders had greater increases in DMI, estimated NEL intake and balance, BW, milk yield, protein and lactose yields in milk, weight percentage of trans-C18:1 fatty acids in milk, and concentrations of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in serum when switched from the control diet to the 80% concentrate diet. Lack of an increase in concentrations of glucose and insulin in serum of cows with the greatest decline in percentage of milk fat casts doubt on the ability of the glucogenic theory to explain milk fat depression completely.
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PMID:Milk fat depression, the glucogenic theory, and trans-C18:1 fatty acids. 855 Sep 10

Thirty-six outpatients aged 20 to 51 with RDC primary major depressive disorder (MDD) completed a 5-week trial of desipramine following a week of single-blind placebo. Five had a past history of hypomanic disorder. For all but one patient, daily dosage at bedtime was constant for the final 4 weeks, with a mean (S.D.) of 168.1 (46.5) mg. Plasma samples drawn at the three final weekly visits were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography for 2-hydroxydesipramine (2-OH-DMI) and desipramine. Mean (S.D.) plasma levels were 59.8 (30.0) ng/ml for 2-OH-DMI and 142.9 (138.6) ng/ml for desipramine. Thirteen patients (36%) had a final 17-item Hamilton depression rating < and = 6 and were classified as responders. According to receiver operating characteristics analysis, patients with plasma 2-OH-DMI levels > and = 58 and < 92 ng/ml had a greater likelihood of responding than those with lower or higher levels (p = 0.005, Fisher's exact test), while patients with plasma desipramine levels > and = 64 ng/ml were more likely to respond than those with lower levels (p = 0.032, Fisher's exact test). Results using an alternate response criterion were similar. These findings suggest that in desipramine-treated outpatients with primary MDD the relationship between therapeutic response and plasma levels is curvilinear for 2-OH-DMI and linear for desipramine.
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PMID:2-Hydroxydesipramine and desipramine plasma levels: how are they related to antidepressant response? 903 87

Unilateral cerebral contusion is associated with an early (30 min) increase in norepinephrine (NE) turnover followed by a later (6-24 h) depression of turnover which is bilateral and widespread throughout the brain. Blockade of NE function during the first few hours after traumatic brain injury (TBI) impedes subsequent recovery of function without enlarging the size of the lesion. The current studies were carried out to characterize further the timing of the switch from increased to decreased NE turnover and to investigate the pathogenesis of the delayed recovery of function associated with blocking NE function. Adult male rats had unilateral somatosensory cortex contusions made with a 5 mm diameter impact piston. They were killed after 2 h and their brains analyzed for NE turnover by HPLC with electrochemical detection. In general, NE turnover (the ratio of 3-methoxy-4-hyroxyphenylglycol to NE levels) had returned to sham-lesion control levels in most brain regions by 2 h after either left or right sided contusions. The only exceptions were a persistent 87% increase at the lesion site after right-sided contusions and 22% and 32% increases in the contralateral cerebellum after right- and left-sided contusions, respectively. Blockade of alpha1-adrenoceptors by treatment with prazosin (3 mg/ kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to TBI produced edema in the striatum and hippocampus at 24 h which was not seen saline-treated rats nor in rats where NE reuptake was blocked with desmethylimipramine (DMI; 10 mg/kg, i.p.). DMI increased edema at the lesion site at 24 h, however. These data suggest that the early increase in NE release following unilateral cerebral contusion is protective and that this may act to stabilize the blood-brain barrier in areas adjacent to the injury site. Drugs that interfere with this enhanced noradrenergic function might enhance the damage caused by TBI.
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PMID:Norepinephrine and traumatic brain injury: a possible role in post-traumatic edema. 968 66

The effect of benzodiazepine (BDZ) withdrawal on escape acquisition and on the behavioral response to two different reinforcing stimuli was investigated. In addition, the influence of antidepressant drugs (AD) differing in their mechanism of action on these behavioral outputs was also evaluated. Rats subjected to withdrawal from a chronic treatment with diazepam (DZM; 2 mg/kg per day, i.p.) during 21 days were subsequently exposed to a brief inescapable shock session (IS) and 48 h later to an active avoidance test. Only withdrawn animals exposed to the IS exhibited enhanced escape failures. In an additional experiment, withdrawn rats were repeatedly administered with vehicle (VEH), desipramine (DMI; 5 mg/kg, i.p.), fluoxetine (FLU; 5 mg/kg, i.p.) or phenelzine (PHEN; 5 mg/kg, i.p.) and subsequently exposed to IS and to active avoidance task. A significant reversal of escape deficit was only observed following DMI and PHEN but not after FLU. Furthermore, withdrawn rats showed a reduced preference for a sexually relevant olfactory cue, this reduced sensitivity was only normalized following DMI but not after the administration of FLU or PHEN. Finally, rats exposed to abrupt cessation of chronic BDZ administration did not exhibit preference for a context previously associated with amphetamine (AMP) under the conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure. All these findings are indicative that BDZ withdrawal facilitates the subsequent occurrence of behavioral changes-escape failures and reduced behavioral response to rewarding stimuli-suggested to parallel important symptoms of human depression. In addition, DMI seems to be much more effective in restoring such behavioral abnormalities as compared to a MAO inhibitor and to a inhibitor of 5-HT uptake.
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PMID:Benzodiazepine withdrawal facilitates the subsequent onset of escape failures and anhedonia: influence of different antidepressant drugs. 1008 59


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