Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study reports the factor structure of the symptoms comprising the General Health Questionnaire when it is completed in a primary care setting. A shorter, 28-item GHQ is proposed consisting of 4 subscales: somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression. Preliminary data concerning the validity of these scales are presented, and the performance of the whole 28-item questionnaire as a screening test is evaluated. The factor structure of the symptomatology is found to be very similar for 3 independent sets of data.
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PMID:A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. 42 81

This study suggests that patients receiving daily doses of 40 mg of prednisone or its equivalent, are at greater risk for developing steroid psychosis. Psychotic reactions were twice as likely to occur during the first 5 days of treatment as subsequently. Premorbid personality, history of previous psychiatric disorder, and a history of previous steroid psychosis did not clearly increase the patient's risk of developing psychotic reaction during any given course of therapy. Steroid psychoses present as spectrum psychoses with symptoms ranging from affective through schizophreniform to those of an organic brain syndrome. No characteristic stable presentation was observed in these 14 cases reported here. The most prominent symptom constellation to appear some time during the course of the illness consisted of emotional lability, anxiety, distractibility, pressured speech, sensory flooding, insomnia, depression, perplexity, agitation, auditory and visual hallucinations, intermittent memory impairment, mutism, disturbances of body image, delusions, apathy, and hypomania. Phenothiazines administered in average daily doses of 212 mg produced excellent response in all patients studied. Of particular note was the fact that tricyclic antidepressants produced an exacerbation or worsening of the clinical state in all patients to whom they were administered.
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PMID:Presentation of the steroid psychoses. 43 94

This study was an attempt to compare psychological and biological variables in 43 obese patients after intestinal bypass surgery. The difficulties in expressing the psychological variables quantitatively are discussed on the basis of the concept of transferability. By use of an expanded version of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Marke-Nyman Temperament Scale we could demonstrate that items concerning asthenia (self-dislike, irritability, work retardation, insomnia, fatigability, somatic preoccupation about aches and pains, loss of libido, headache, vertigo, palpitations, dryness of the mouth, thirst or increased liquid intake) had, when summed up, a score distribution indicating bimodality. The asthenic group of patients (n = 19) when compared with the non-asthenic patients (n = 24) showed metabolic deficiencies related to the vitamin D complex with no response to oral vitamin D3 administration measured by plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The lack of response was associated with low calcium excretion in the urine, higher plasma alkaline phosphatase, and a tendency to higher blood levels of parathyroid hormone.
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PMID:Depression or asthenia related to metabolic disturbances in obese patients after intestinal bypass surgery. 46 85

A comparison of health status between 779 Seventh-day Adventists, who have a strong commitment to heal-related life styles, and two other groups of people--8363 persons referred by general practitioners and 9825 volunteers--was made. The Seventh-day Adventists showed less impairment of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, of plasma cholesterol and plasma urate concentrations, and of lung ventilatory capacity; and less obesity at most specific ages. With increasing age, the level of breathlessness, reported heart disease, hypertension, and hypertensive and diuretic therapy in this sample approached that of the comparative groups, possibly because of natural attrition of high-risk persons in the latter. Depression, sleeplessness, use of sedatives and tranquillizers were lower in the Seventh-day Adventists; although, once again, a drawing together of the three groups in older age categories was evident. It is concluded that the life style of Seventh-day Adventists is conducive to lessened morbidity, delayed mortality, and decreased call on health services in comparison with the general population.
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PMID:Health status of Seventh-Day Adventists. 47 Jun 66

The prescription of psychotropic drugs at a multidoctor district health centre in northern Sweden in 1973, was analysed by means of problem-oriented medical records. Of the 22,000 inhabitants of the district 10,700 consulted the health centre. Psychotropic drugs were prescribed for 11.3% of the patients, corresponding to 5% of the inhabitants of the area. Sixty per cent of the patients received one psychotropic prescription and 90% not more than three. Two-thirds of prescriptions were for women. Hypnotics, sedatives and minor tranquillisers constituted 64% of all prescriptions, major tranquillisers 24% and antidepressants 12%. One fifth of the patients obtained drugs belonging to more than one of the major psychotropic groups during the year. Insomnia, psychoneurosis and depression made up two-thrids of the indications for psychotropic drug therapy. More than thirty different psychotropic drugs were prescribed for the two major indications. There was considerable variation in how the different doctors prescribed drugs for the same indication. Fifty-nine different drug products were prescribed, of which the commonest five constituted more than half of the total number. Individual doctors used from 22 to 38 different psychotropic drugs.
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PMID:Why are psychotropic drugs prescribed to out-patients? A methodological study. 47 9

Primary sleep disorders include narcolepsy, the Pickwickian syndrome, sleep apnea in infants and other rare conditions. Secondary sleep disorders occur in depression, alcoholism, endocrinopathies, heart failure and pregnancy. Medical symptomatology often increases during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, when physiologic activity is high. Insomnia, the most common sleep disorder, requires careful work-up, attempts at environmental manipulation and judicious short-term pharmacotherapy. Pharmacologic manipulation of sleep is beset with complications. A basic understanding of properties and side effects of the sleep-inducing drugs is needed in order to select the optimal agent.
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PMID:Sleep disorders and insomnia. 62 43

Insomnia is a symptom requiring medical investigation and the elimination of external and physical causes. Anxiety and/or depression have been shown to be present in most of the patients complaining of inability to sleep. Antidepressant medication with sedating potential is very effective in patients with depressive symptoms when most of the dose is given at bed-time. Most of the sedative-hypnotic drugs disturb the qualitative aspects of sleep and many rapidly produce tolerance. Flurazepam has been shown to be the drug of choice for purely symptomatic insomnia. Except in very transient situational stresses, a psychotherapeutic relationship to investigate the causes of the insomnia may be the most important aspect of the treatment program.
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PMID:Insomnia. 64 69

1 To assess the potential hazards of nitrazepam therapy of insomnia in the elderly, adverse reactions to nitrazepam were studied in 2111 hospitalized medical patients who received the drug. 2 Manifestations of unwanted central nervous system (CNS) depression (such as drowsiness or 'hangover') were reported in 49 nitrazepam recipients (2.3%), and signs of unwanted CNS stimulation (such as nightmares, insomnia, agitation, etc.) in 15 (0.7%). None of the adverse reactions were considered serious. 3 Physician-rated clinical efficacy of nitrazepam was not related to dose, but the frequency of both types of adverse reactions increased significantly at higher daily doses. CNS depression also was significantly more frequent in the elderly, being reported in 11% of those aged 80 years or older, whereas the frequency of CNS stimulation was not correlated with age. 4 The effect of age on the reported rate of unwanted CNS depression was most striking at high doses. Among patients aged 80 years or over whose daily dose averaged 10 mg or more, 55% experienced unwanted CNS depression attributed to nitrazepam. 5 Low doses of nitrazepam are safe for elderly individuals, but the elderly are readily susceptible to excessive CNS depression at high doses. The findings suggest that there is little reason to exceed 5mg doses of nitrazepam for most patients, particularly those who are elderly.
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PMID:Toxicity of nitrazepam in the elderly: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. 65 80

Forty consecutive survivors after myocardial infarction (MI) were compared by means of a semistructured interview with a matched sample of 40 controls in respect of various psychosocial factors. The MI group reported a much higher prior occurrence of symptoms of anxiety and depression. The complaints included being tired, irritable, restless, upset and anxious, plus insomnia and anhedonia. Preceding stressful life events were about 2 1/2 times as common with the MI group. However, long-term persanality traits which were not recent additions due to psychiatric change before MI did not strongly discriminate between the two groups, and recognized variables such as cigarette smoking had a lesser association with MI. Similar results were obtained when information about each patient and each control was supplied by a close informant.
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PMID:Psychiatric antecedents of myocardial infarction. 66 88

Evaluated the relevance of the physiological-arousal model, the stimulus-control paradigm, and depression to insomnia both as a unitary construct and to its components. The Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Sleep Behavior Self Rating Scale and the Zung Depression Scale were administered to 81 clinical Ss. Three separate discriminant function analyses were performed with self-reported "sleeping difficulty," "latency of falling asleep," and "total hours of sleep" as criterion variables. The above three scales and the following four sleep patterns were used as indices: number of nocturnal wakings, latency to fall asleep once awake, number of early wakings, and frequency of feelings of fatigue upon wakings. The findings indicated that the physiological-arousal model was relevant both to insomnia overall and to its component of sleep-onset insomnia. The stimulus-control paradigm was found to be relevant only to sleep-onset insomnia. Depression was not a sensitive discriminator, possibly due to the heterogeneity of the patient population studied. It is emphasized that different mechanisms might be operating with the heterogeneous symptom "insomnia," and the replication of findings with criteria that include significant others and electroencephalographic measures is suggested.
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PMID:Insomnia: anxiety, sleep-incompatible behaviors and depression. 71 75


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