Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of depression on the hippocampus has become the focus of a number of structural and functional neuroimaging studies. In the past two decades, advances in neuroimaging techniques now allow the examination of subtle changes in both regional structure and function that are associated with the pathophysiology of depression. Many studies using 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetric measurement have reported decreases in hippocampal volume among depressed subjects compared with controls, whereas other studies have not found any volume loss. Differences among studies have been discussed. In some studies, the volume loss appears to have functional significance including an association with memory loss. Furthermore, we have found a trend towards loss of 5-HT(2A) receptors in the hippocampus using positron emission tomography (PET) to detect regional changes in [18F]altanserin binding. Functional imaging extends the sensitivity and specificity of structural imaging and will lead to a better understanding of affective disorders.
 ...
PMID:The hippocampus and depression. 1517 85

We report clinical, radiological and virological data from nine consecutive HIV-infected patients with herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Three patients presented with confusion, two with fever and headache, two with anxiety and depression, one with slow mentation and memory loss and one with expressive dysphasia. Five patients had previous AIDS-defining diagnoses: four of these five patients had previous cutaneous HSV infection. HSV DNA was detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in seven patients. HSV infection was diagnosed by brain biopsy (after negative PCR on CSF) in one patient and at autopsy in one patient (after negative CSF PCR and brain biopsy). Seven patients received specific anti-viral therapy; two died of unrelated causes and the other five recovered. Two patients were not treated, in one the diagnosis was made at autopsy and the other recovered spontaneously. HIV-infected patients with CNS HSV infection have a varied presentation. Diagnosis by PCR on CSF identified the majority of cases. With specific treatment the outcome was good.
 ...
PMID:Herpes simplex virus infection of the central nervous system in human immunodeficiency virus-type 1-infected patients. 1533 67

There is increasing recognition that coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) may be a risk factor for subtle cognitive decline although the presence and pattern of such decline has varied across studies. Cognitive deficits may present as short-term memory loss, executive dysfunction and psychomotor slowing. Although they are usually are not severe enough to meet criteria for mild cognitive impairment or vascular dementia, they lower quality of life and add to hospitalization and out-of-hospital costs. Proposed mechanisms include surgical-related trauma, genetic susceptibility (eg, apolipoprotein E4 allele), microembolization, other vascular or ischemic changes, and temperature during surgery. Depression and anxiety levels predict subjective perception of these deficits more than objective cognitive performance. Both nonpharmacologic (eg, emboli reduction, temperature, or glucose management) and pharmacologic (eg, dexanabinol, glypromate, nootropics) strategies to prevent post-CABG cognitive deficits are under investigation. Given the large numbers of subjects who may already have CABG associated cognitive deficits, clinical trials of agents being tested for Alzheimer's disease (eg, donepezil, rivastigmine, memantine, neramexane, ginkgo) may also be informative. The results of multicenter long-term outcome studies (with matched control groups) as well as ongoing treatment trials will more conclusively address some of these issues. These data emphasize the need for clinicians to monitor cognitive function before and after coronary bypass surgery, and to educate patients.
 ...
PMID:Cognitive deficits following coronary artery bypass grafting: prevalence, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies. 1544 86

In this study, we focused on acceptance of memory impairment and satisfaction with life in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). We interviewed 71 consecutive patients with AD and asked (1) whether they had memory loss, (2) whether they found trouble in life, and (3) how their daily life was. We categorized the patients into three groups based on awareness of memory loss and reference to the cause of memory loss. Cognitive functions were lower in patients who were not aware of memory loss. The rate of satisfaction with life was the highest in patients who were not aware of memory loss, and was the lowest in patients who complained of memory loss with reference to the cause of memory loss, indicating that patients could hardly accept their lives when memory impairment was a serious issue. However, in these patients, depression scores were not high, suggesting that they may somehow adapt themselves to their current status by defining the reason for memory loss. In patients who complained of memory impairment but did not refer to the cause of memory loss, there was a variation in awareness of memory loss and satisfaction with life. The present study indicated that we have to provide individual care and support for AD patients considering their level of acceptance of memory impairment.
 ...
PMID:[Acceptance of memory impairment and satisfaction with life in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease]. 1551 36

Since the late 1980s, it has been increasingly recognized that the experiences of people with dementia have been omitted from research in the area of dementia and memory loss. More recently, it has been accepted that people with dementia have insight into their condition and, therefore, the ability to contribute to research. A qualitative research project was undertaken with nine participants to explore the experiences and coping strategies of people with dementia. Interviews were undertaken and the data analysed using thematic analysis. Three major themes emerged: coming to terms with memory loss, maintaining control and independence, and the impact of illness on relationships. Understanding the reality for people is essential given that representations of the catastrophic impact of dementia generate high levels of anxiety and depression. Implications for nurses' practice include the need for skilled, well-paced, sensitive and ongoing information about the condition, along with the need to recognize and support the active coping strategies of people with memory loss.
 ...
PMID:Finding the balance: living with memory loss. 1585 90

Memory loss in humans begins early in adult life and progresses thereafter. It is not known whether these losses reflect the failure of cellular processes that encode memory or disturbances in events that retrieve it. Here, we report that impairments in hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity associated with memory, are present by middle age in rats but only in select portions of pyramidal cell dendritic trees. Specifically, LTP induced with theta-burst stimulation in basal dendrites of hippocampal field CA1 decayed rapidly in slices prepared from 7- to 10-month-old rats but not in slices from young adults. There were no evident age-related differences in LTP in the apical dendrites. Both the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine and a positive AMPA receptor modulator (ampakine) offset age-related LTP deficits. Adenosine produced greater depression of synaptic responses in middle-aged versus young adult slices and in basal versus apical dendrites. These results were not associated with variations in A1 receptor densities and may instead reflect regional and age-related differences in adenosine clearance. Pertinent to this, brief applications of A1 receptor antagonists immediately after theta stimulation fully restored LTP in middle-aged rats. We hypothesize that the build-up of extracellular adenosine during theta activity persists into the postinduction period in the basal dendrites of middle-aged slices and thereby activates the A1 receptor-dependent LTP reversal effect. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, the present results provide a candidate explanation for memory losses during normal aging and indicate that, with regard to plasticity, different segments of pyramidal neurons age at different rates.
 ...
PMID:Long-term potentiation is impaired in middle-aged rats: regional specificity and reversal by adenosine receptor antagonists. 1597 84

The objective of this study was to examine the respiratory and general health of workers employed in a municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal at an open landfill site in India. Ninety-six landfill workers of Okhla landfill site, Delhi, and 90 controls matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic conditions were enrolled. Health data was obtained from questionnaire surveys, clinical examination and laboratory investigations. Lung function was evaluated by spirometry. Compared with matched controls, landfill workers had significantly higher prevalences of both upper and lower respiratory symptoms, and they suffered more often from diarrhea, fungal infection and ulceration of the skin, burning sensation in the extremities, tingling or numbness, transient loss of memory, and depression. Spirometry revealed impairment of lung function in 62% of the landfill workers compared to 27% of the controls. Sputum cytology showed squamous metaplasia, abundance of inflammatory cells, alveolar macrophages (AM) and siderophages (macrophages with iron deposits), and high elastase enzyme activity in neutrophils and AM of a majority of landfill workers, indicating adverse cellular lung reaction. Hematological profiles of these workers depicted low hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels with high total leukocyte, eosinophil and monocyte counts. Erythrocytes with target cell morphology were abundant in 42% of the landfill workers compared to 10% of the controls. Toxic granulation in neutrophils, an indication of infection and inflammation, was recorded in 94% of the landfill workers and in 49% of the controls. The results demonstrated higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms, inflammation of the airways, lung function decrement and a wide range of general health problems in MSW disposal workers.
 ...
PMID:Respiratory and general health impairments of workers employed in a municipal solid waste disposal at an open landfill site in Delhi. 1607 39

Pellagra is a systemic disturbance caused by a cellular deficiency of niacin, resulting from inadequate dietary nicotinic acid and/or its precursors, the essential amino-acid tryptophan. In Europe and North America cases of pellagra are rarely encountered, but in some developing countries this disease is frequent, and is the most frequent clinical feature of nutritional deficiency of adult. The principal causes of pellagra are: nutritional niacin deficiency; chronic alcoholism; gastro-intestinal malabsorption; some medications (5-fluoro-uracil, isoniazid, pyrazinamide ehtionamide, 6-mercaptopurine, hydantoins, phenobarbital and chloramphenicol). The diagnosis of pellagra is based on the patient's history and the presence of "3 D syndrome": dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. The dermatitis caused by pellagra is a bilaterally symmetrical erythema at the sites of solar exposure. The dermatitis begins in the form of an erythema with acute or intermittent onset gradually changing to an exsudative eruption on the dorsa of the hand, face, neck, and chest with pruritus and burning. Acute dermatitis of pellagra resembles sunburn in the first stages, sometimes with vesicles and bullae. The gastro-intestinal disturbances are: anorexia, nausea, epigastric discomfort and chronic or recurrent diarrhea. Anorexia and malabsorbative diarrhea lead to a state of malnutrition and cachexia. Stools are typically watery, but occasionally can be bloody and mucoid. Neuropsychologic manifestation included photophobia, asthenia, depression, hallucinations, confusions, memory loss and psychosis. As pellagra advances, patient become disoriented, confused and delirious; then stuporous and finally die. Pathological changes in the skin is non-specific, there are no chemical tests available to definitively diagnose pellagra. However low levels of urinary excretion of N-methylnicotinamide and pyridone indicates niacin deficiency. The treatment of pellagra consisted to exogenous administration of niacin or nicotinamide cures. Topical management of skin lesions with emollients may reduce discomfort. The therapy should also include other B vitamins, zinc and magnesium as well as a diet rich in calories. The prevention is based in the nutritional education (food sources of niacin: eggs, bran, peanuts, meat, poultry, fish, red meat, legumes and seeds), and the eviction of alcohol.
 ...
PMID:[Pellagra]. 1620 85

A prospective case study was conducted in the Department of Occupational Medicine, Tuzla. The purpose of this study was to indicate negative effects from occupational exposure to mercury on behavioural and mental health, memory and psychomotor function that was tested in 46 chloral-alkali plant workers (mean age was 38. 8+/- 5. 7 years; mean age of occupational history 16. 5+/- 6. 0 years). Data on toxicological monitoring on atomic absorption spectrometer, and data on mental health were collected, psychiatric and other subjective symptoms, and behavioural, psychomotor and memory function tested. The data were compared to control group, 32 healthy non exposed workers. The study was designed to assess blood and urine mercury levels and length of occupational exposure and investigate its relationships to effects on the mental health. The mean air mercury levels were 0.23 mg/m3, the mean blood mercury concentrations was 3. 6 mg/ dl and the mean urine mercury concentrations were 151.7 +/- 180.4 mg/l. In 25 (53%) workers exposed to mercury vapour was identified Depression-Hypochondrias Syndrome (p trend < 0. 001) with higher scores for scales: Hysteria (p trend <0. 001), Schizoid and Psychoastenia (MMPI). All psychological parameters were in highly significantly correlations with mercury levels and length of occupational exposure. Pathological parameters were possible general identified if the concentration of blood mercury levels are >2. 9 mg/ dl, or urine mercury levels > 87 mg/l workers exposed to mercury vapour knew that toxic effects in body resulted in loosing some of intellectual abilities, and that people who handle chemicals had an increased health risk (ESW questionnaire). The occupational mercury exposed workers had introvert behaviour (EPQ). Aggressiveness was found in 71.7% workers. The cognitive disturbances: short-term memory loss, difficult to concentrate on tasks which require attention and thinking, were significantly differed compared to those of controls (p trend < 0. 001). In 24 (52%) exposed to mercury workers we have determined ego strength loss and regressive defensive mechanisms (LB). Handwriting disturbances-micrography we have identified in 27 (58.7%) workers.
 ...
PMID:Assessment of chronic neuropsychological effects of mercury vapour poisoning in chloral-alkali plant workers. 1621 63

The development of new chemotherapeutic agents and regimens has contributed to reduced risk of cancer recurrence and prolonged patient survival. However, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), also known as ''chemofog'' or ''chemobrain'' following adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer has been reported since the late 1980s. Unfortunately, little is known about it's mechanism, type, severity, and episode length. This article reviewed related studies on the subject, and found that chemotherapy-induced MCI appears to occur in 10-40% of patients, and memory loss and lack of concentration are the most frequent symptoms. The symptoms are apparently transient, but take at least several years to disappear. Reviewed studies show a lack of clear understanding of what causes MCI directly. There is also a lack of consistency in symptom measurement. We point to the need to conduct well-designed studies which begin with a proper hypothesis. Future research needs to be randomized and longitudinal with a base measurement point before the chemotherapy cycle starts. Future studies must adopt an effective and sensitive method to measure MCI. The latest imaging technique, positron emission tomography (PET) may be a powerful tool. Also, all confounding factors, such as age, education, intelligence quotient (IQ), fatigue and depression, hormonal therapy and other treatments should be controlled within the study design. It is hoped that the results of such future studies will allow medical professionals to contemplate effective prevention, treatment and rehabilitation for MCI.
 ...
PMID:Mild cognitive impairment after adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients--evaluation of appropriate research design and methodology to measure symptoms. 1628 8


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>