Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Ovamin 30, a new low-dose oral contraceptive (OC) containing 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 2 mg of ethynodiol diacetate, was evaluated for efficacy and acceptability in a group of women (504 patients; 3236 woman months of use) requesting OCs from their general practitioner. 39 patients withdrew from the study because of side effects which could reasonably be associated with the pill (excessive/irregular bleeding, amenorrhea, depression/headache, and breast discomfort/weight gain), and only 18 of these were menstrual disorders. 12 patients withdrew from the trial to conceive. 1 involuntary pregnancy occurred, and 58 patients were lost to follow-up. An early establishment of acceptable bleeding cycles was maintained in later cycles. The pregnancy rate for this preparation by the Pearl Index was .4/100 woman years with 95% confidence limits of .01-2.24. Ovamin 30 appeared to be an effective and well tolerated low-estrogen OC, and further studies may determine whether side effects are reduced with 30-mcg products as opposed to those containing 50 mcg of estrogen.
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PMID:An open assessment of a new low dose oestrogen combined oral contraceptive. 62 4

Multicenter clinical trial of Ovoresta M, a low-dose combined oral contraceptive containing 0.75 mg lynestrenol and 0,0375 mg ethinyl estradiol, is reported. The trial included 150 women (2,541 treatment cycles). No pregnancies were observed in the group. Bleeding was seen in 95.1% of all treatment cycles between 2-6 days after the last pill was taken, and was not materially different from normal menstruation in 89.3% of cases. Irregular bleeding occurred in 8.1% of cycles. Other side effects included nausea and vomiting, headache, breast fullness, leg circulatory complaints, infections, nervousness, and depression; 140 patients had no previous treatment with oral contraceptives. 2 patients Dropouts included 3 patients who desired to become pregnant, 2 because of irregular bleeding, and 3 others for other reasons. Because of the low dosage of active ingredients the authors consider Ovoresta M a welcome supplement to existing oral contraceptives.
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PMID:[Clinical aspects of a new, very low dose combination contraceptive]. 63 15

The side-effects encountered by 1,090 patients taking the oral contraceptive pill were reviewed. The main side-effects were migraine, headaches, weight gain, depression, and irregular bleeding. Reasons for changing the Pill are discussed, and recommendations are suggested for a way of monitoring patients taking the Pill. Analysis of the results show that 50 per cent of patients are happy with their first Pill, and that the 30 microgram pill produces fewer side-effects.
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PMID:A retrospective survey of over 1,000 patients on oral contraceptives in a group practice. 95 17

Femovan contains 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 75 mcg of gestodene. Gestodene has been used in combination oral contraceptives since 1987 in 38 countries with hardly any effect on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism or fibrinolysis. Its contraceptive reliability for menstrual cycle control and tolerance was examined. A total of 102.769 women aged 18-35 with 593.455 menstrual cycles were included in 2 phases. Most of the women were German women, but the study included women from Europe and Latin America. Although 2-8% of the women took Femovan irregularly, only 3 pregnancies occurred in 414 English women (4704 cycles), 7 in 3267 German women (36.711 cycles), and 124 in 95.906 German women (523.477) as a result of forgetfulness. The pearl index reached .16 and .22 in the 2 phases, respectively, under client failure, and .07 and .06 under method failure. Bleeding ranged from .6-2.8% of cycles, while spotting was 4.5-8.2%. The omission of menstrual bleeding occurred in less than 1% of this population. Tension in the breasts, headache, and nausea with nervousness occurred in up to 10% of the women. Nervousness, vertigo, and depression was significantly less frequent. Acne and edema occurred only in a few cases. The average increase of body weight was a maximum of .8 kg. Blood pressure was unchanged for a few cases. There were 2 and 26 cases, respectively, of thromboembolitic diseases in the 2 phases amounting to .3 and .6/1000 woman years of use which compares to .4-1.7/1000 of the Oxford-Family Planning Association cohort study results. Femovan was discontinued on medical grounds (headache, nausea, and irregular bleeding) in 10.3% of 3267 German women and in 7.5% of 95.906 German women. Femovan's acceptance rate was remarkably high, and it proved to reliable and well-tolerated.
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PMID:[Clinical experiences with femovan (Gynera)]. 209 80

Norplant capsules and Norplant 2 rods contain levonorgestrel (LNG) that is released slowly for up to 2000 days. After removal the progestogen vanished from the blood stream within 96 hours, and fertility is restored in contrast to the pill contraceptives. Norplant provides a cervix barrier against spermatozoa. About 1/2 of women taking it had anovulation or luteinization of unruptured follicles. In ovulating women the midluteal progesterone values were clearly reduced. There have been some reports concerning the increased aggregation of thrombocytes and the decline of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in Norplant users. Thrombosis, cerebro- and cardiovascular accidents have not been reported. A longterm prospective study of Norplant 2 users showed an unacceptably high rate of pregnancies after the 4th year, thus the rods have to be replaced after 3 years instead of 5 years. 23% of Norplant 2 and 41% of Norplant users had to resort to removal because of side effects. 54% of Norplant and 48% of Norplant 2 users halted use after 3 years because of menstrual disorders, irregular bleeding, depression, and mood changes. LNG has high affinity to sex hormone binding globulin (SHGB), and it is not active in bound form. The free LNG index was lower in women with unwanted pregnancies than in other women. In 1989 the Population Council reported on 7 phase-3 investigations involving 2470 women. Only 398 completed the 5-year observation period: the cumulative pregnancy rate was 3.5, there were 3 pregnancies among those with body weight of 50-60 kg and 8.6 pregnancies among those weighing 70 kg or more. There were 101 unwanted pregnancies, and 1 child was born with intersexual genitals. Endometrium biopsy or curettage is advised in the event of irregular bleeding especially in women over 40, and about 25% of Norplant users have undergone these procedures.
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PMID:[Norplant]. 210 34

In a retrospective study the case histories of 70 users of Depo-Provera (containing depo medroxyprogesterone acetate) were reviewed during April-June 1987 at the Family Planning Association of Victoria's Richmond Clinic in Australia to ascertain their socioeconomic status, obstetric and contraceptive history, and side effects of Depo-Provera use. 47 (67%) were employed; 20 (29%) were health care card holders (8 were unemployed and 6 were supporting mothers); 2 were wards of state referred from adolescent institutions; and 3 women (4%) had intellectual disability. 37 (53%) had been pregnant with the total number of pregnancies of 65; 16 women had a total of 25 terminations of pregnancy; and 1 woman had a history of 4 therapeutic abortions. 53 women (76%) had started using contraception before the age of 20; 47% had used more than 1 type of contraception, 46% had used oral contraceptives only, 23% had used the condom, and 5% had used nothing. Age range at start of Depo Provera use was 14-40 years. The reasons given for commencing Depo-Provera included a combination of problems with other methods, forgetting OCs, and side effects of OCs. 47 (67%) had requested the use of Depo-Provera, of whom 13 (18%) had used it previously. 43 (61%) used Depo-Provera for 1 year or less, and only 1 patient had used it for 6 years. Among 52 women (74%) who had more than 1 dose of the injectable, the major side effects related to menstrual disturbances; 31 (41%) had amenorrhea. 2 of these women had breakthrough bleeding during the 1st dose. 17 women (24%) had either irregular bleeding or breakthrough bleeding, while 1 patient continued to have regular periods. 7 women (10%) had other side effects including depression; 4 women (6%) complained of weight gain; and 2 (3%) had breast soreness. 41 women (59%) were smokers, and 40% of them smoked 15 or more cigarettes per day. 35% of the women continued with the method beyond the study period, while the proportion of women within the clinic who continued using Depo-Provera was about 0.5%.
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PMID:Depo Provera: a profile of current users. 214 Jun 75

Medroxyprogesterone acetate injections (Depo-Provera) were given to 625 women at 3 monthly intervals involving 693 episodes. Ages at entry to the study ranged from 15-51 years with the majority in their 20s and a mean age of 30. Length of exposure ranged from 3-168 cycles. 4 women have received more than 160 continuous cycles of DMPA. Of the medication-induced reasons for discontinuing DMPA, bleeding was the most common with an incidence of 10.5% followed by depression (1.4%), weight gain (1.4%), and loss of libido (1.6%). No patient ceased treatment because of headaches, recurrent vaginal infections, mastalgia, nausea, chloasma, hypertension, or other vascular illnesses. The 59 women who move away or were lost to follow-up accounted for 405 cycles of treatment. The solitary unplanned pregnancy occurred in a 28-year-old obese woman who had previously had other method failures, once with an IUD and once with oral contraceptives (OCs). No association was found with carcinoma of the cervix. Of 80 women ceasing treatment to become pregnant, only 1 women has required the assistance of chlomiphene and conceived 2 years after ceasing DMPA. Amenorrhea was the side effect most appreciated by the women using DMPA. Due to the problem of irregular bleeding, it is wise to warn prospective patients about the lack of bleeding control that they have 1 chance in 10 of having relative menorrhagia. Women using OC subject to frequent vaginal moniliasis had a marked reduction in episodes after switching to DMPA. Chloasma, 1 of the minor stigmas of OC, was not induced in any of the patients. DMPA is a safe and efficient reversible method of contraception for women who have various gynecological conditions or problems associated with using OCs.
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PMID:Medroxyprogesterone acetate as an injectable contraceptive. 296 70

111 women took a total of 584 cycles of 1.0 mg norgestrel for 21 days out of a 28 day cycle, in a trial of a low-dose progestin-only oral contraceptive, intended to avoid the side effects of estrogen and the menstrual irregularity of mini-pills. This study followed an 18 month blind trial of norgestrel, .5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg in 100 patients, which found the 1.0 mg dose most suitable. 33.6% of these subjects had used pills within the last 90 days, and all were private patients of the Western Gynecological and Obstetrical Clinic, Inc. 97.7% of menstrual cycles before, and 81% during the trial were 21-35 days in length; the mean cycle length was 28.8 days before, and 29.0 days during treatment. Menses lasted a mean of 4.8 days before and 5.6 days during norgestrel. Menstrual flow became lighter in most, but breakthrough bleeding increased from 1.8% to 10%, spotting from 6.3% to 30.7%, and amenorrhea from 4.5% to 11.1%. Dropouts included 10 for bleeding, 5 for weight gain, 3 for acne, and 1 each for edema, generalized somatic complaints, irritability, depression and decreased libido. One pregnancy resulted from patient failure. The authors concluded that, except for the "fastidious," most women should not object to this degree of irregular bleeding, once it becomes "individualized."
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PMID:Evaluation of d-norgestrel 1.0 mg in cyclic regimen. 469 2

Psychiatrists must work to overcome barriers to effective contraception for their female patients because of the high incidence of unplanned pregnancy among these women and the multiple disadvantages facing the fetus/infant (e.g., the infant may also be afflicted with a mental illness, prenatal use of drugs adversely affects fetal development, and chronically ill women often cannot care for infants). These barriers include physicians neglecting the family planning of their patients; the inability of patients to institute reliable, long-term ways to prevent pregnancy; and fears of contraception. Physicians should consider all contraceptive methods for mentally ill patients and drug abusers. Oral contraceptives (OCs) may be the most appropriate contraceptive for mentally ill women who do not have any risk factors and are either institutionalized or closely supervised. Outpatient or intermittent psychiatric patients are less likely to have high compliance rates, so physicians should consider implants. Yet, these women may be upset by the irregular bleeding associated with progestin only contraceptives. Further, these contraceptives sometimes induce depression and should not be used in clinically depressed women. For outpatient or intermittent psychiatric patients who can not tolerate progestin-only contraceptives, the IUD is more appropriate. Female sterilization is unlikely to occur because of the problems with getting informed consent (e.g., obtaining a court order). Providing contraception to drug abusers is especially difficult because it is not as top priority, and they rarely seek medical care and reject outreach health providers. Regardless of the contraceptive chosen for mentally ill females and female drug abusers, condoms should be used to protect against sexually transmitted diseases.
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PMID:Contraceptive choices for behaviorally disordered women. 851 42

During November 1992-November 1994 at Assiut University Hospital in Egypt, 120 of 240 fully lactating women requesting contraception during the second postpartum month chose the nomegestrol acetate contraceptive subdermal implant Uniplant, while the other 120 chose the copper-releasing IUD CuT 380A. This prospective, non-randomized study evaluated the use of Uniplant during lactation. The mothers and their infants were followed-up once a month for 3 months and then every 2 months up to the infants' first birthday. Neither group experienced a pregnancy. Women in the Uniplant group were less likely to have resumed menstruation at 12 months postpartum than those in the IUD group (38% vs. 63%; p 0.001). The 12-month net continuation rates were statistically similar (88.3% for Uniplant users and 92.4% for IUD users). Reasons for IUD discontinuation were infant death (6), lost to follow up (5), irregular bleeding (2), and depression (1). Reasons for Uniplant discontinuation were lost to follow up (4), irregular bleeding (2), moving to a distant residence (2), and infant death (1). The 2 groups were similar in terms of breast feeding episodes, time of weaning, and the cumulative rates of full and partial breast feeding. Health problems (diarrhea, fever, and cough) affected the infants of both groups at similar incidence rates. The infants in both groups had similar weight, weight gain per day, and linear growth. Six of the 7 infant deaths occurred in the Uniplant group. The difference in the infant death rate was not significantly different, however. Gastroenteritis was responsible for 5 infant deaths. Bronchopneumonia and unexplained convulsion claimed the life of 1 infant each. These findings suggest that Uniplant is an acceptable and effective contraceptive method during lactation and has no adverse effect on infant growth and health.
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PMID:The use of nomegestrol acetate subdermal contraceptive implant, uniplant, during lactation. 893 61


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