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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We compare the effects of psychoactive drugs such as morphine and amphetamine on the synaptic organization of neurons in the orbital frontal (OFC) and medial frontal (mPFC) regions in the rat. Both regions are altered chronically by exposure to intermittent doses of either drug but the effects are area-dependent. For example, whereas morphine produces increased spine density in OFC but decreased spine density in mPFC. The differential response of the OFC and mPFC to drugs is paralleled by an areal-dependent effect of gonadal hormones on these regions as well: males have greater dendritic arborization in the mPFC whereas females have a greater arborization in the OFC. We also compared the effects of neonatal injury to the OFC and mPFC on cognitive, motor, and social behaviors as well as on the anatomical organization of the remaining brain. Again, there were differential effects of the treatments to the OFC and mPFC. Neonatal OFC lesions allowed virtually complete functional recovery of cognitive and motor behaviors, which was correlated with mild abnormalities in cerebral development compared to the more severe deficits and morphological sequelae following mPFC lesions at the same ages. One exception was the effect of OFC on social behavior, which was severe regardless of whether the injury was in infancy or adulthood. It is proposed that both drug-induced and developmental abnormalities in the integrity of OFC neurons may lead to deficits in social behavior or other behavioral pathologies, possibly including depression.
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PMID:Plasticity and functions of the orbital frontal cortex. 1513 46

The mortality of stroke is still the those of single organs. Even if patients survive the brain attack they often suffer from not only motor functional disability but also psychiatric problems such as post-stroke depression and decrease in spontaneity. The stoke is the number one cause of the bed-ridden state "Netakiri". Presently only anti-thrombotic and anti-oxidative stress therapies are available and the ischemic core destroyed immediately after the stroke could never be rescued. We have started to study the basic aspect of transplantation therapy of cerebral infarction using neural stem cells. Using a focal ischemic model of the gerbil by repeated occlusion of the unilateral carotid artery, we grafted human neural stem cells which were cultured and proliferated for a long period. Grafted animals showed significant and marked improvement in all three functions including motor, sensory and cognitive functions associated with a significant reduction of infarction volume. Synaptic contacts between neurons from grafted human neural stem cells and host neurons were confirmed by immuno-electron microscopy. This is a very encouraging report although it is necessary to elucidate the precise mechanism of the functional recovery or the effect of neural stem cell transplantation.
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PMID:[Brain ischemia--regenerative therapy using human neural stem cells]. 1515 78

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the cardioprotective potential of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) in the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model of myocardial infarction (MI). Wistar rats were divided into three groups and received saline orally (sham, control I/R group) and Curcuma longa 100 mg/kg (CL-100 treated group) respectively for one month. On the 31st day, rats of the control I/R and Cl treated groups were subjected to 45 min of occlusion of the LAD coronary artery and were thereafter reperfused for 1 h. I/R resulted in significant cardiac necrosis, depression in left ventricular function, decline in antioxidant status and elevation in lipid perodixation in the control I/R group as compared to sham control. Myocardial infarction produced after I/R was significantly reduced in the Cl treated group. Cl treatment resulted in restoration of the myocardial antioxidant status and altered hemodynamic parameters as compared to control I/R. Furthermore, I/R-induced lipid peroxidation was significantly inhibited by Cl treatment. The beneficial cardioprotective effects also translated into the functional recovery of the heart. Cardioprotective effect of Cl likely results from the suppression of oxidative stress and correlates with the improved ventricular function. Histopathological examination further confirmed the protective effects of Cl on the heart.
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PMID:Protective effects of Curcuma longa on ischemia-reperfusion induced myocardial injuries and their mechanisms. 1526 70

Bipolar disorder is a lifelong illness with a course that is usually chronic or recurrent. Severity of complications is generally proportionate to the number of episodes, especially depression. In addition to potentially preventing episodes, effective treatment reduces mortality. This article reviews long-term treatment strategies for bipolar disorder, focusing on depressive episodes, and discusses treatment studies, including problems in design. Treatment effectiveness, including reduction of suicide risk, is enhanced if patients and physicians collaboratively recognize and treat prodromal symptoms, preventing the emergence of episodes. Strategies for treatment differ as one progresses from obtaining syndromal recovery in the acute episode, to functional recovery during continuation treatment, to stability during maintenance treatment. Successful long-term treatment of bipolar disorder requires integrated pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments combined with a therapeutic alliance that facilitates a proactive, preventive approach to the illness.
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PMID:Long-term treatment in bipolar disorder. 1569 46

Depression occurs frequently in post-stroke patients and appears to be associated with an impairment in their rehabilitation and functional recovery. Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are often used in post-stroke depression (PSD), it has been observed that only a subset of patients is responsive to this treatment. Other patients respond to tricyclic antidepressants or MAO inhibitors, which, however, may not have a favorable profile of safety and tolerability in post-stroke patients. In this double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, we evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, reboxetine, in a subset of PSD patients classified as affected by "retarded" depression. Reboxetine (4 mg, twice daily, for 16 weeks) was administered to patients that developed depression after a single ischaemic or hemorrhagic stroke. We assessed the severity of depressive symptoms by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). HDRS and BDI scores (mean+/-S.D.) at baseline were, respectively, 24+/-1.31 and 19.87+/-1.46 in the placebo group, 24.06+/-1.52 and 20.56+/-2.16 in the reboxetine group. After 16 weeks, HDRS and BDI mean scores were respectively 22.73+/-2.4 and 18.4+/-3.33 in the placebo group, 9.26+/-2.15 and 8.06+/-3.43 in the reboxetine group [p<0.01 versus the respective baseline (paired t-test); (#)p<0.01 versus retarded depressed patients treated with placebo (one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) applied to the difference from baseline, associated with Dunnett's t-test to isolate the differences)]. Reboxetine showed a good efficacy, safety and tolerability in PSD patients affected by "retarded" depression. We conclude that reboxetine is well tolerated and may be a useful therapeutic option in PSD patients with "retarded" depression.
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PMID:An evaluation of efficacy and safety of reboxetine in elderly patients affected by "retarded" post-stroke depression. A random, placebo-controlled study. 1581 61

Stroke is a major cause of morbidity, disability and hospitalization in the elderly. Depression frequently occurs after stroke and influences functional recovery, a crucial factor for the prognosis. The physiopathology of post-stroke depression is not entirely elucidated and might involve several mechanisms: direct consequences of brain lesions, especially in certain localizations, neuroendocrine mechanism or psychological reaction to a life event responsible for stress and handicap. Antidepressant drugs improve depressive symptoms and functional recovery. Therefore, search for depression should be systematic early at the stroke reeducation phase to instaure appropriate treatment.
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PMID:[Depression: an underrated consequence of stroke in elderly]. 1581 22

Neuroprotective therapies and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) have limited application for most stroke patients and thus rehabilitation is the primary treatment option for improving recovery of function. Following brain injury, environmental enrichment, pharmacological and rehabilitative treatments can markedly alter neuronal plasticity and behavioral recovery even when delayed by several weeks after the insult. Fluoxetine has been given to stroke patients to combat depression but its effects on recovery of function are not known. Functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals that fluoxetine alters brain activity and modulates motor performance in stroke patients in a use-dependent fashion. Several antidepressants, including fluoxetine, increase growth factors and other proteins associated with plasticity, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In this study, we examined whether chronic administration of fluoxetine combined with rehabilitation affected recovery of function on 3 separate tests of forelimb reaching, preference and limb coordination after focal ischemia in rats. Ischemia was induced in male Long-Evans rats by intracortical and striatal injections of endothelin-1. Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day) combined with rehabilitation therapy (6 h/day) for 4 weeks did not alter the degree or rate of recovery of function compared to non-treated animals. Despite the ability of fluoxetine to alter brain activity and increase growth factors, it does not appear to be an effective pharmacological adjunct to functional recovery after ischemia in rats.
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PMID:Fluoxetine and recovery of motor function after focal ischemia in rats. 1586 86

The aim of the current study was to conduct a qualitative investigation of attitudes to work among people diagnosed with clinical depression. It was of particular interest to understand the role played by illness in attitudes to recovery. The economic and social burden of adult depression on society is becoming increasingly apparent. It has been argued that recovery from mental illness of this kind is most appropriately understood in 'functional terms' (i.e. 'getting on with life beyond illness'). One important goal in this process is return to work. Accordingly, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 people formally diagnosed with clinical depression. These interviews were the analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: a method of investigation and analysis concerned with making sense of participant experiences and accounts of their ill-health. This process identified three master themes, only one of which is the focus of this paper. This theme pertains to the unwitting role that can be played by the health care system in reinforcing the 'sick role' and in so doing providing a continued justification for an 'off-work' identity. Consequently, this study provides an unusually penetrating insight into the way depression can, through institutional practices, become inextricably part of someone's identity, with important implications for functional recovery.
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PMID:Depression and the perpetuation of an incapacitated identity as an inhibitor of return to work. 1616 7

Depression after stroke is common. Although different opinions exist about the definition, diagnosis, and measurement of outcomes related to depression after stroke, there is little debate about the prevalence of depression symptoms and their impact on stroke survivors and their families. Depression after stroke has long been recognized as a common condition with many negative effects in the poststroke period, but more recently depression has also been identified as an independent stroke risk factor. Given that there are at least 500,000 new ischemic strokes yearly in the United States, a conservative estimate is that 150,000 U.S. stroke survivors develop poststroke depression each year. Because effective treatments exist but are likely underutilized for depression, this is an important example of an evidence-practice gap to which increased efforts to improve care should be made. Such efforts would likely improve not only patient symptoms but may also decrease stroke risk, influence stroke functional recovery, decrease mortality, and reduce poststroke health care utilization. This article provides an overview of depression diagnosis in stroke, reviews the epidemiology of poststroke depression and its associated morbidity and mortality, and reviews existing evidence on the treatment and prevention of poststroke depression.
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PMID:Depression and stroke: cause or consequence? 1634 96

The efficacy of lycopene to limit myocardial injury after ischemia and reperfusion was explored in the present study. Adult male albino Wistar rats were divided into three experimental groups and orally received olive oil as vehicle (sham and control I-R) or lycopene 1 mg/kg dissolved in olive oil (lycopene treated group) respectively for 31 days. On the 31st day, animals of the control I-R and lycopene treated groups were subjected to 45 min of occlusion of the LAD coronary artery and were thereafter reperfused for 1 h. The ischemia-reperfusion injury resulted in significant cardiac necrosis, depression in hemodynamics, decline in antioxidant status and rise in lipid peroxidation product levels in the control I-R group as compared to sham control. In histopathological examinations myocardial damage produced after I-R was significantly prevented in the lycopene treated group. Lycopene treatment resulted in preservation of the myocardial antioxidant status and altered hemodynamic parameters as compared to control I-R group. Furthermore, I-R-induced lipid peroxidation was significantly inhibited in the lycopene treated group. These beneficial cardioprotective effects also translated into the functional recovery of the heart. The beneficial effect of lycopene likely results from the suppression of oxidative stress, which results in the reduction of myocardial injury.
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PMID:Cardioprotective effect of lycopene in the experimental model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. 1660 21


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