Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Panic attacks occur more often in females than males with onset usually in the late 20s. A 27-year old woman who experienced a panic attach (heart palpitations, fatigue, bodily shaking, labored breathing, and feelings of terror and being out of control) after she stopped taking a combined oral contraceptive (COC) (.5 norgestrel and .05 mg ethinyl estradiol) was admitted to Osaka Medical College in Takatsuki, Japan. She experienced depression at 18 and took limited amounts of antidepressants for only 1 year. When she started taking the COC at 27, she experienced feelings of unreality and fear, hyperventilation, and heart palpitations. Laboratory results showed lower than normal levels of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and a low estradiol level. Yet the plasma cortisol level was much high than normal (22.5 mcg/d1 vs. 3-15.2 mcg/d1). Administration of 200 mg sulpiride/day and 1.2 mg alprazolam/day alleviated almost all symptoms. She did experience mild phobic avoidance and anxiety, however. After successful treatment in the hospital, she discharged herself. Because she was concerned that the panic attacks would recur, she was provided with information on her disorder. She agreed to continue the medication. 1 possible explanation for this case is rapid endocrinological change induced by the ingestion and stopping of the COC which in turn induced a sympatho-adrenal response (her high cortisol levels) to several simple physiological stimuli. Another possible explanation is the COC induced rapid endocrinological changes that may have brought on an anxiotropic effect in someone who had earlier experienced depression.
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PMID:A case of panic disorder induced by oral contraceptive. 131 8

Endocardial splitting and left atrial rupture were diagnosed in a dog with mitral regurgitation that experienced the sudden onset of collapsing episodes, weakness, depression, labored breathing, and weak pulses. Thoracic radiographs showed a rounded cardiac silhouette with prominent left atrium consistent with hemopericardium due to left atrial rupture. Two-dimensional echocardiography confirmed the presence of severe mitral valve disease, pericardial fluid, and a laminated blood clot caudal to the left ventricle. A sterile emergency thoracotomy was performed, the hemopericardium and blood clot were removed, and the rupture site in the left atrium was repaired with reinforced sutures. The dog recovered from surgery but died the next day, presumably from a ventricular arrhythmia.
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PMID:Echocardiography and surgery in a dog with left atrial rupture and hemopericardium. 240 68

Pseudorabies virus was inoculated intratracheally into sheep to investigate the pathogenesis of pseudorabies virus infection. Clinical signs of pyrexia, depression, frequent swallowing, facial fasciculations, chorea, excessive salivation, mild tympanites, labored breathing and focal pruritus were followed by death Macroscopic lesions were severe focal facial trauma, petechiae in cervicothoracic ganglia and dilated esophaguses. The medulla oblongata and the trigeminal, cranial cervical, cervicothoracic and parabronchial ganglia contained pseudorabies virus and pronounced nonsuppurative inflammatory changes. The neural distribution of lesions and virus suggests that the virus travelled from the respiratory mucosa to the central and sympathetic nervous system by two routes: 1) in the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves to the medulla oblongata and 2) in the postganglionic fibers to the sympathetic ganglia. The presence of virus in the nasal mucus indicated that horizontal transmission of pseudorabies virus may occur among sheep.
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PMID:Pathogenesis of ovine pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) following intratracheal inoculation. 282 May 59

Bur buttercup (Ceratocephalus testiculatus) has not been considered to be poisonous, but the sudden death loss of 150 ewes while grazing it prompted study of the plant. It was found that bur buttercup can be highly toxic to sheep, with a lethal dose being as little as 500 g of green plant for a 45-kg sheep. Clinical signs of bur buttercup poisoning are weakness, depression, diarrhea, labored breathing, anorexia, and occasional fever. Postmortem findings include inflammation and edema of the rumen; hemorrhage in the left ventricle of the heart; congestion of the lungs, liver, and kidneys; and excessive fluid in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
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PMID:Bur buttercup poisoning of sheep. 661 85

The silver salt of 2-metanilamido-5-chloropyrimidine (AgMCP) and the sodium, amminosilver and trimethylphosphite-silver salts of 3',5'-dichlorobenzenesulfonanilide (NaDBS, AgNH3DBS and AgP(OCH3)3DBS were synthesized as possible antibiotic of antiparasitic drugs. All the organosilver compounds were extremely water-insoluble. For animal studies these, and other reference compounds, were given as fine suspensions in an Emulphor-safflower oil mixture. The ip LD50's in mice in mmol/kg were: 1.67 for NaDBS, 0.22 for silver acetate (AgAc), 0.15 for AgP(OCH3)3DBS, 0.13 for AgMCP and 0.10 for AgNH3DBS. When given by mouth, 15 mmol AgAc/kg produced a high mortality, but none of the organosilver compounds caused death in maximal doses (1.9 to 2.6 mmol/kg) that could be given based on considerations of total volume and stability of the suspension. All the silver compounds, including AgAc, produced a similar toxic syndrome with initial hyperexcitability, ataxia, central nervous depression, labored breathing, loss of righting reflex and death. Most deaths occurred between 12 and 24 hours after dosing. In contrast, animals given NaDBS often died within 3 hours although the major signs were very similar to those produced by the silver compounds. When given ip as a single dose 30 minutes after AgAc, D-penicillamine was effective in reducing mortality, but it had no effect on the mortality of the organosilver compounds. Histological studies revealed similar patterns of silver deposition, especially in the liver and kidneys, at 6, 18 and 24 hours after the organosilver compounds and after AgAc. We conclude that the presence of silver contributes significantly to the acute toxicity of these sulfonamides although they may dissociate free silver less readily than does AgAc.
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PMID:Acute toxicity of some silver salts of sulfonamides in mice and the efficacy of penicillamine in silver. 662 59

The acute toxicity of diethyl 4-(benzothiazol-2-yl)benzylphosphonate (KB-944) was studied in mice, rats and dogs: In mice and rats, toxic symptoms such as deceleration of spontaneous movement, ataxic gait, disappearance of righting reflex, reduction in body temperature and suppression of breathing appeared following administration of a single dose of KB-944. The symptoms developed in dogs were depression, bradycardia and labored breathing. The LD50 values determined in male and female rats were 1622 and 1555 mg/kg, respectively, for oral administration, 2216 and 2820 mg/kg for subcutaneous injection, and 762 and 479 mg/kg for intraperitoneal injection. The LD50 values determined in male and female mice were 2807 and 3856 mg/kg, respectively, for oral administration, greater than 4000 mg/kg for subcutaneous injection, and 815 and 777 mg/kg for intraperitoneal injection. As shown above, there was no evident difference in LD50 between sexes in either species of animals. Since many of the dogs given an oral dose larger than 1000 mg/kg vomited the drug, oral LD50 value could not be determined.
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PMID:Acute toxicity study of KB-944, a new calcium antagonist. 689 Aug 28

Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) is an oxygenate that is added to gasoline to boost octane and enhance combustion, thereby reducing carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon tailpipe emissions. The acute and subchronic neurotoxicity of MTBE were evaluated in rats using a functional observation battery (FOB), measures of motor activity (MA) and a neuropathological evaluation. In the acute study, rats were exposed once to 0, 800, 4000 or 8000 ppm MTBE by inhalation for 6 h and then evaluated three times over a 24-h period. In the FOB evaluations, treatment-related effects were seen at the 1-h session immediately following exposure and were indicative of transient central nervous system (CNS) depression. Effects were most apparent in the high-dose group (8000 ppm) but were also evident to a lesser extent in the mid-dose (4000 ppm) group. Labored respiration, ataxia, duck-walk gait and decreases in muscle tone, hind-limb grip strength and treadmill performance were the most frequently noted findings. No significant effects were observed in the FOB when testing was conducted at 6 h and 24 h post-exposure. The pattern of motor activity measured in the different dose groups following exposure was also in keeping with a reversible CNS-depressant effect of MTBE. In the subchronic study, rats were exposed to 0, 800, 4000 or 8000 ppm MTBE for 6 h a day, 5 days per week, for 13 weeks. No persistent or cumulative effects on neurobehavioral function were found. Body weights and absolute brain weights were reduced in the 8000 ppm group, however there were no differences among groups when brain weight was expressed relative to body weight. No histopathological changes were noted in the brains or peripheral nervous tissues of MTBE-exposed animals. In summary, MTBE produced signs of acute reversible CNS depression following exposure to 8000 ppm and, to a lesser extent, to 4000 ppm vapor. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for these effects was 800 ppm in the present study. No persistent or cumulative neurotoxic effects were observed following exposure to MTBE at concentrations up to 8000 ppm for 13 weeks.
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PMID:Neurotoxicological evaluation of methyl tertiary-butyl ether in rats. 917 28

The effect of experimentally induced Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia on the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline (Doxycen Retard) administered intramuscularly was studied in seven East African dwarf goats. The study was conducted in two consecutive phases, separated by a washout period of four weeks. The experimental infection, induced by intratracheal administration of 5 ml of 10(7) to 10(9) cfu/ml of Pasteurella haemolytica, produced a temperature rise, depression and laboured breathing within 6-12 days after inoculation. The concentrations of doxycycline in the serum were determined by a quantitative microbiological assay using an agar-gel diffusion method employing Bacillus cereus var mycoides (ATCC 11778) as the test organism, with a level of detectability of approximately 0.05 micrograms/ml. The concentration-time curve of doxycycline in the serum after intramuscular injection of 20 mg/kg bodyweight of the long-acting formulation before and after experimental infection was adequately described by a one-compartment open model. The maximum serum concentrations (Cmax) of doxycycline were lower in pneumonic goats than in healthy goats (3.87 +/- 0.52 and 5.56 +/- 0.213 micrograms/ml, respectively), suggesting an increased distribution volume in the peripheral compartment. The mean +/- SEM absorption rate (ka) before infection (1.13 +/- 0.02 h-1) was smaller than the after infection (8.23 +/- 3.81 h-1), but the difference was not significant. The apparent elimination half-life (t 1/2 beta) (24.51 +/- 0.02 h) after infection was significantly increased (p < 0.05), while the corresponding rate constant (beta) was decreased (p < 0.01). The absorption half-life (t 1/2(alpha)) (0.137 +/- 0.03 h) was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) after infection. The distribution volume (Vd(beta)) was significantly increased after infection (p < 0.05). It is concluded that, although experimental infection had an effect on the disposition kinetics of doxycycline, this was not sufficiently pronounced to require alteration of the dosage during disease.
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PMID:Aspects of the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline given to healthy and pneumonic East African dwarf goats by intramuscular injection. 926 65

Sodium azide is a white crystalline solid used in the manufacture of the explosive lead azide. It is the principal chemical used to generate nitrogen gas in automobile safety airbags and airplane escape chutes and is a broad-spectrum biocide used in both research and agriculture. Toxicology and carcinogenicity studies were conducted by administering sodium azide (greater than 99% pure) in distilled water by gavage to groups of male and female F344/N rats once daily, 5 days per week for 14 days, 13 weeks, or 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium and Chinese hamster ovary cells. 14-Day Studies: Rats received 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg sodium azide. All male and female rats receiving 40 or 80 mg/kg and two of five female rats receiving 20 mg/kg died during the first week of the studies. Clinical findings of toxicity included lethargy and inactivity. No grossly observable lesions were present in any of the dose groups. 13-Week Studies: Rats received 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg sodium azide. Seven of 9 males and all 10 females receiving 20 mg/kg died before the end of the studies. Final mean body weights of treated rats were within 10% of those of the controls. Compound-related clinical findings of toxicity in the 20 mg/kg dose groups included lethargy and labored breathing. Histopathologic lesions induced by sodium azide were limited to the brain (necrosis of the cerebrum and thalamus) and lung (congestion, hemorrhage, and edema), and were observed in rats receiving 20 mg/kg that died during the studies. Body Weights, Feed Consumption, and Survival in the 2-Year Studies: Because compound-related deaths were observed in the groups receiving 20 mg/kg in the 13-week studies, lower dose levels were used in the 2-year studies. Two-year studies were conducted by administering 0, 5, or 10 mg/kg sodium azide to groups of 60 male and 60 female rats. Dose-related depression in mean body weight was observed throughout the study period. Mean feed consumption values in low- and high-dose groups were lower than control values. Survival of high-dose rats of each sex was significantly (P<0.05) lower than controls (males-control, 24/60; low-dose, 27/60; high-dose, 9/60; females-37/60; 43/60; 21/59). The reduced survival was attributed to brain necrosis and cardiovascular collapse induced by sodium azide. Neoplastic and Nonneoplastic Effects in the 2-Year Studies: There were no compound-related increases in incidences of neoplasms in rats. Significantly decreased incidences were observed for certain neoplasms, including mononuclear cell leukemia in male rats (control, 33/60; low-dose, 28/60; high-dose, 14/60), adrenal gland pheochromocytoma in male rats (26/55; 16/56; 6/54), mammary gland fibroadenoma in female rats (20/60; 11/60; 8/59), and pituitary gland neoplasms in female rats (37/60; 28/60; 17/59). These decreases reflected to some extent, but could not be attributed solely to, the reduced survival of the high-dose groups. Compound-related nonneoplastic brain lesions (necrosis of the cerebrum and thalamus) were observed at significantly (P<0.001) increased incidences in high-dose male and female rats. The increased incidence of lung congestion observed in this dose group was considered due to cardiovascular collapse secondary to brain necrosis. Genetic Toxicology: Sodium azide was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA1535, with or without exogenous metabolic activation (S9); it was not mutagenic in strain TA1537 or TA98. In cytogenetic tests with Chinese hamster ovary cells, sodium azide induced sister chromatid exchanges, but not chromosomal aberrations, in the presence and the absence of S9. Conclusions: Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of sodium azide in male or female F344/N rats administered 5 or 10 mg/kg. Sodium azide induced necrosis in the cerebrum and the thalamus of the brain in both male and female rats. Synonyms: Azide, Azium, Smite
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PMID:NTP Toxicology and Carcinogeneis Studies of Sodium Azide (CAS: 26628-22-8) in F344 Rats (Gavage Studies). 1263 70

Plants of the genus Taxus are common ornamental shrubs that contain cardiotoxic alkaloids. Gross lesions consistent with heart failure are frequently reported in fatal cases; however, microscopic lesions in the heart have not been well characterized. The current report describes 2 related outbreaks in which 7 of 30, 250-kg calves died after confirmed exposure to clippings of Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata). Three calves died 24 hr after initial exposure, with no significant gross or histologic lesions. Leaves of the yew plant were identified within the rumen contents, and Taxus alkaloids were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Following the initial diagnosis, the yew clippings were burned. Two days later, the remaining calves were reintroduced to the enclosure. Within 24 hr, 3 additional calves began to show clinical signs of depression (3/3) or labored breathing (1/3), and by the fourth day, these 3 calves and an additional calf were found dead. Partially burnt yew leaves were found during close inspection of the enclosure. Two of 3 calves submitted for necropsy were severely autolyzed; the third had pulmonary edema and mild fibrinous pleural effusion. Histologic lesions in the latter included multifocal cardiac myocyte hypereosinophilia, sarcolemma fragmentation, pyknosis, karyolysis, myocyte loss, and a mild interstitial lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with edema. Moderate fibrinosuppurative interstitial pneumonia was the only other significant finding. Cardiac changes were attributed to damage from the initial exposure to Taxus 6 days prior to death.
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PMID:Characterization of cardiac lesions in calves after ingestion of Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata). 2378 Sep 31


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