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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studies comparing obese and nonobese persons have generally failed to find differences in global aspects of psychological functioning (e.g., depression, anxiety). The resulting conclusion, that obesity does not carry risk for psychological problems, is inimical to clinical impression, reports from overweight individuals, and a consistent literature showing strong cultural bias and negative attitudes toward obese persons. The often-cited notion that obesity has no psychological consequences may be an inevitable byproduct of the manner in which the first generation of studies in the field has been conducted. The authors propose a second generation of studies that begins with a risk factor model to identify the individuals who will suffer from their obesity and the areas of functioning most affected. Recommendations are also made for a third generation of studies that will establish causal pathways linking obesity to specific areas of distress.
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PMID:Psychological correlates of obesity: moving to the next research generation. 787 Aug 62

Is being overweight distressing? If it is, is the distress due to negative appraisals by others, to the stresses of trying to fit norms of thinness by dieting, or to the health consequences of being overweight? If being overweight is stigmatizing, negative evaluations by others may be internalized as high levels of depression. This perspective predicts that being overweight has a direct effect on depression, and that the effect is greater in social groups where being overweight is less common, especially among women, Whites, younger people, the well-educated, and the well-to-do. Alternatively, overweight may not be distressing per se. Instead, attempting to fit norms of appearance that equate thinness with attractiveness by dieting is distressing. According to this perspective, the association between being overweight and depression is explained by dieting. Finally, this association may be due to the health consequences of being overweight. A random sample of 2,020 U.S. adults aged 18-90 were interviewed by telephone in 1990. Results showed that being overweight has no direct effect on depression in any social group except among the well-educated. Overweight persons are more likely to diet and to experience worse physical health, both of which are associated with depression. Combined, these explain the negative effects of being overweight on depression.
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PMID:Overweight and depression. 801 30

To evaluate the effects on depressive mood of withdrawal of antihypertensive medication, we conducted a randomized, multi-center study with clinical centers at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, and the University of Mississippi School of Medicine in Jackson. Patients were formerly active participants in the Hypertension Detection and Follow-Up Program (HDFP) whose blood pressure was controlled with drugs for a period of 5 years. Of 496 patients, 431 had both baseline and "1-year" mood scores. Patients, stratified by obesity, were randomized to one of three groups: continue the HDFP medication; discontinue medication with no dietary intervention, or with sodium restriction and potassium increase; or, for those overweight, to a weight reduction intervention. Depression was assessed using the CES-D scale (Center for Epidemiological Studies--Depressed Mood), administered at baseline and again approximately 1 year after randomization. Of the seven treatment groups, only those who continued their HDFP medication showed significant improvement in mood from baseline. The overweight continue-medication group showed significantly greater improvement compared to the no-drugs, no-diet intervention groups, and to the overweight sodium-restriction group. Patients who had their blood pressure successfully controlled with weight reduction had a significant improvement in mood from 11.0 scale points to 8.0, P = .006. Comparisons between those withdrawn from diuretic alone and those withdrawn from both diuretic plus reserpine were inconclusive. Dietary Intervention Study of Hypertension (DISH) shows no evidence that continued use of chlorthalidone has a negative impact on quality of life, while our results concerning reserpine were inconclusive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of withdrawal of antihypertensive drug on depressive mood. 813 96

1. The author studied 225 employed women in the New York Metropolitan area between the ages of 25 and 55 years. The Disinhibited Dieters in this study were overweight, depressed, anxious, and had a low self esteem. The Cognitive Controlled Dieters were not depressed or anxious, had a positive self esteem, and were not overweight. 2. The only significant variable between successful Cognitive Controlled Dieters and Disinhibited Dieters was exercise. 3. Nurses must examine their own beliefs and feelings concerning weight and eating and the connection with depression, anxiety, and self esteem before they can successfully relate to clients. 4. Attitude, cognitive changes, involvement in sports and exercise, and healthy eating are primary prevention interventions to be utilized by the nurse.
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PMID:Obesity in adult females: the relationship among personality characteristics, dieting, and weight. 825 34

The lipoprotein (Lp) pattern was analysed in patients with suspected unstable coronary artery disease (UCAD), to compare the pattern as a prognostic instrument regarding subsequent coronary events with smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and with the result of an early exercise test. Included were 295 patients with UCAD. Blood samples for Lp values were obtained in the acute phase and after one year. Apolipoprotein-A1, Apolipoprotein-B (Apo-B), Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) HDL-Cholesterol, Cholesterol (Chol) and Triglycerides (TG). were estimated in serum. During the 1-year follow-up coronary events (myocardial infarction, cardiac death, coronary artery by-pass surgery) occurred in 48 patients. The severity of CAD, overweight, smoking and beta-blockade influenced the Lp-pattern. Chol-, TG- and Apo-B-levels were highest in the group with a coronary event. Apo-B turned out to be the second best predictive variable in multiple regression analysis, in men. In women no such analysis was done because of very few coronary events during follow-up. Nevertheless, the exercise test variables, ST depression and pain were more predictive of coronary events than Apo-B in men.
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PMID:Prognostic importance of plasma lipoprotein-analyses in patients with unstable coronary artery disease. 831 57

One hundred significantly overweight patients sequentially applying to a very low calorie diet (VLCD) program were interviewed to learn how the onset of obesity correlated with other life events. By comparison with a control group of 100 always-slender adults, the obese applicants were found to be different at a highly significant level in the prevalence of childhood sexual abuse, nonsexual childhood abuse, early parental loss, parental alcoholism, chronic depression, and marital family dysfunction in their own adult lives. The obese patients commonly reported using obesity as a sexually protective device; many reported overeating to cope with emotional distress. Inquiry into depression, past sexual abuse, and past or present dysfunctional family life should be added to the current medical evaluation of all obese patients. The resultant findings are likely to be relevant to their treatment, whether for obesity or for other medical conditions.
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PMID:Childhood sexual abuse, depression, and family dysfunction in adult obese patients: a case control study. 820 85

Using a composite questionnaire, we measured the degree to which preoccupation with eating and body mass index (BMI) are related to a series of psychological measures in a sample of female college students. Eating preoccupation was measured using a set of questions designed to be free of affective content. Thirty volunteers filled out the questionnaire; their height and weight were measured under standard conditions. Correlations showed that BMI was positively related to the variables Depression and Emotional Response to Environmental Stimuli, while Eating Preoccupation was most closely related to Anxiety. Principal components analysis revealed two factors, one containing measures of positive emotionality, and one containing Eating Preoccupation and measures of negative emotionality, with BMI loaded on both components. These factors reflect the relationship of BMI to measures of both positive and negative emotionality. Positive emotionality may be a reflection of activation of a neurobehavioral system, the behavioral facilitation system, while negative emotionality may be a reflection of activation of the behavioral inhibition system. The overweight women in this study appeared to have high levels of activation of one or both systems, while the underweight women appeared to have low activation of both systems. Approaches to the study of obesity in women should take into account the fact that positive emotionality, as well as negative emotions such as depression and anxiety, may be related to BMI, and that eating preoccupation appears to be a subset of overall anxiety.
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PMID:A multivariate analysis of psychological factors related to body mass index and eating preoccupation in female college students. 840 8

A variety of sociocultural, familial and individual features associated with the eating disorders were examined in subjects with full syndrome (FS) and partial syndrome (PS) eating disorders and in normal high school students. The EAT-26 was administered to 995 high school students. This was followed by individual interviews with those who scored in the symptomatic range. Fifty-one students with PS eating disorders, 57 students without eating disorders (normal controls) and 30 hospital patients with FS, anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa were compared on subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory, the Diagnostic Survey for Eating Disorders and the Beck Depression Inventory. The three groups displayed statistically significant differences on dimensions of EDI subscales Ineffectiveness and Interoceptive Awareness and also with respect to depression, history of being overweight and past history of emotional problems, as well as having mothers with medical illnesses. On these characteristics, the FS subjects displayed higher levels than the PS subjects, who in turn were higher than the NC subjects. The PS subjects displayed elevations on Body Dissatisfaction (EDI subscale), past medical illnesses, and mother's over-concern with eating and weight. These data support a continuum model of the eating disorders, but a continuum of multiple associated features rather than of dieting.
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PMID:The relationship of partial syndrome eating disorders to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. 858 99

The possibility that a patient during general anaesthesia is aware of the operation going on and aware of severe pain that might be remembered postoperatively must be very alarming to patients and anaesthetists alike. Furthermore, there is experimental evidence showing that conscious recall of intraoperative events is only the tip of an iceberg; it seems very probable that there is even a higher incidence of unconscious perception during general anaesthesia. Therefore, the following stages of intraoperative awareness must be distinguished: (1) conscious awareness with explicit recall and with severe pain; (2) conscious awareness with explicit recall but no complaints of pains; (3) conscious awareness without explicit recall and possible implicit recall; (4) subconscious awareness without explicit recall and possible implicit recall; (5) no awareness. The incidence of conscious awareness with explicit recall and severe pain has been estimated at less frequent than 1/3000 general anaesthetics. Conscious awareness with explicit recall but no complaints of pain has been reported in the literature with an incidence of 05-2%. With 7-72%, conscious awareness without explicit recall and possible implicit recall shows a very wide range of variation and its occurrence probably depends on the anaesthetic drugs used. Subconscious awareness with possible implicit recall has an incidence of up to 80%, but there are many methodological problems in demonstrating implicit memory of intraoperative events. Reports of intraoperative awareness do not come exclusively from cardiac surgery and obstetrics, but also from all other operative specialties. Postoperatively, patients who experience intraoperative awareness may develop a so-called post-traumatic stress syndrome. Symptoms involve re-experiencing the event awake or in dreams, sleep disturbances, depression, avoidance of stimuli associated with the event. The probability of the development of the post-traumatic stress syndrome seems to coincide with the experience of severe pain. When a patient complains of intraoperative awareness postoperatively the anaesthesiologist should discuss the event frankly with the patient. When the symptoms of the post-traumatic stress syndrome persist a psychotherapy should follow. Causes for intraoperative awareness may be: equipment failure, too-light anaesthesia, e.g. for a caesarean section or for emergency surgery in severely injured or polytraumatized patients, during cardiac surgery, bronchoscopy of difficult intubation. There is interindividual variability in anaesthetic effect; for example, chronic drug or alcohol abuse or overweight may make increased anaesthetic doses necessary. They are at risk for intraoperative awareness. Some general anaesthetics or anaesthetic procedures, e.g. the combination of a relaxant and N2O, opioid mono-anaesthetics, or opioids combined with benzodiazepines, seem to involve a higher risk of intraoperative awareness than do volatile anaesthetics. The bases of litigation are medical malpractice, breach of contract by the anaesthesiologist or lack of informed consent from the patient. Therefore, patients who are at risk of intraoperative awareness should be given detailed information on this special risk before the operation.
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PMID:[Awareness during general anesthesia. Definition, incidence, clinical relevance, causes, avoidance and medicolegal aspects]. 867 65

The association between body weight and depressive symptoms in older adults was examined in a population-based study of 2,245 noninstitutionalized men and women aged 50 to 89 years living in Rancho Bernardo, California, U.S.A. The prevalence of Beck Depression Inventory scores > or = 13 was inversely associated with body weight in men, but not in women. Overweight and obese 50- to 69-yr-old women were more depressed than women with a body mass index below 25 kg/m2, but the difference was only marginally significant (p = 0.09). When age, health status and medication use were controlled, the odds of being depressed were 0.34 (p = 0.004) in overweight men and 0.28 (p = 0.09) in obese men, compared to men with a body mass index below 25 kg/m2. In this cohort, depression in men was inversely associated with body weight, supporting the "Jolly Fat" hypothesis. The likelihood that more stigma is attached to excessive weight in women than men may account for the lack of an inverse association between weight and depression in women.
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PMID:Depressive symptoms in overweight and obese older adults: a test of the "jolly fat" hypothesis. 873 Jun 45


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