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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Among Harvard alumni aged 35-74 in 1962 or 1966, incidence rates of physician-diagnosed depression, together with suicide rates, were examined during a 23-27-year follow-up period, by antecedent physical activity habits and other personal characteristics. A total of 387 first attacks of depression developed among 10,201 alumni who survived through 1988; 129 suicides occurred among 21,569 alumni during follow-up through 1988. Depression rates were lower among the physically active and sports players, higher among cigarette smokers, unrelated to alcohol consumption, and higher among alumni reporting such personality traits as insomnia, exhaustion, cyclothymia, and self-consciousness. Suicide rates were largely unrelated to antecedent physical activity and alcohol consumption, higher among smokers, and substantially higher among men reporting the personality traits that predicted increased rates of depression.
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PMID:Physical activity and personal characteristics associated with depression and suicide in American college men. 805 61

Two hundred and eighty healthy children from Naples, Italy (140 boys and 140 girls) aged 4-17 years were studied using Bruce walking treadmill protocol to voluntary exhaustion. Endurance time and double product increased with age. Systolic blood pressure increased linearly during the test. Multivariate analysis showed that body weight and age were the best predictors of endurance time. Endurance time averaged 15.2 +/- 2.8 min in boys and 13.7 +/- 2.3 min in girls (p = 0.00001). Mean +/- SD double product at peak exercise was 264.3 +/- 63 (boys) and 242 +/- 44 (girls) (p = 0.01). Sinus arrhythmia was present in 78% of the children and disappeared at a mean heart rate of 112 +/- 16 beats/min during exercise. The voltage of the R wave on V4 lead decreased in all but four children during the test (delta R = -0.25 +/- 0.24 mV). The P and T waves increased in almost all children. No ST depression or upward sloping was detected. The voltage of the PR isoelectric line remained constant. The J point was displaced downwards in 78% of children, unchanged in 11% and displaced upwards in the remaining 11% of the children. The present study gives reference parameters for a walking treadmill test in Southern European children.
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PMID:Treadmill exercise in Neopolitan children and adolescents. 819 59

It is found that antioxidative activity (AOA) and activity of glutathione-transferase in postmitochondrial placenta fraction of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus is lowered. Depression of AOA in placenta associated with a decrease of UDA and ceruloplasmin amount in blood of the newborns shows the exhaustion of the antioxidative protection system. A decrease of enzyme activity at the sorbitol way of glucose exchange (sorbitol-dehydrogenase and aldose reductase) in placenta reflects accumulation of sorbitol in tissue, which intensifies the damage of membrane structures in placenta.
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PMID:[Status of the antioxidant system and sorbitol pathway of glucose metabolism in diabetes mellitus]. 823 22

Because of their considerable socioeconomic costs rheumatic symptoms are a major concern in industrialized nations. Our study provides data on the prevalence of rheumatic symptoms in the general population and on their physical and psychosocial impact. We performed a survey of 1814 randomly selected non institutionalized persons, aged 40 to 69 years, living in the Federal Republic of Germany. The selected subjects were asked whether they had pain in one or more of the following sites: neck/back, joints of upper extremities, joints of lower extremities. Physical and psychosocial disability was assessed using a multidimensional questionnaire that included a German version of the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS) and validated instruments concerning psychosocial dimensions of health status. The prevalence of rheumatic symptoms increases between 40 and 59 years and decreases thereafter. Rheumatic symptoms are more frequent in women than in men. The predominant pain localization is the back. Individuals reporting pain in one region (back, upper and lower extremities) often feel pain in other areas as well and often suffer from additional symptoms such as weakness and sleep disturbance. We found significant disabilities in physical (mobility, activities of daily living, physical activities) and psychosocial (depression, anxiety, exhaustion, family problems) dimensions of health status in subjects reporting rheumatic symptoms.
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PMID:[Epidemiology of rheumatic complaints in Germany. Data on the prevalence and physical and psychosocial disability]. 825 19

In a variety of helping professions emotional stress can lead to "burnout". The syndrome is characterised by emotional exhaustion, attitudinal hardening (loss of empathy) and a sense of decreased accomplishment. Longterm consequences of burnout can be mental problems such as depression or psychosomatic disorders. Affected employees are less productive and sick more often. They may even quit their jobs or need early retirement. In spite of this considerable loss of working force often neither those affected nor the employers are aware of the problem in time. Burnout seems to be caused by disproportionally high efforts (time, emotional involvement, empathy) and poor satisfaction (negative outcome) in addition to stressful working conditions (high demands). It affects mainly nurses, physicians, social workers, teachers and other similar professions. In order to prevent burnout, awareness of the problem must be promoted. Examples of job-specific measures for nurses and teachers are given. Their goal is to lower the professional stress and improve satisfaction. Social support and improved team cooperation can further protect against burnout.
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PMID:[Psychological stress caused by work: burnout syndrome]. 827 88

The cognitive exhaustion model of helplessness--predicting withdrawal from constructive effortful processing after uncontrollability--was applied to decision making. After unsolvable problems (or no preexposure), Ss requested information from a matrix with 5 alternatives (films) x 10 attributes and then chose the best film. Films in a set were either similar (difficult decision) or dissimilar (easy decision) in attractiveness. As predicted, Ss with an uncontrollable preexposure spent less time on predecisional information search, disregarded their own importance criteria when asking for information, and had attention highly focused on a selected option for the easy decision condition but diffused across options for the difficult decision condition. The implications of these findings for understanding cognitive mechanisms of learned helplessness and depression are discussed.
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PMID:Effects of uncontrollability on subsequent decision making: testing the cognitive exhaustion hypothesis. 829 23

Depression, burnout, and perceived job control (PJC) were assessed in 162 nurses. Depression accounted for over 19% of the variance associated with emotional exhaustion--an index of burnout--and PJC accounted for another 6%. Factor analysis of the scales used to measure depression and burnout documented their discriminant validity. Perceptions of uncontrollability were significantly related to higher levels of depression and burnout. Structural equations modeling suggested that perceived uncontrollability is associated with burnout, which, in turn, is related to depressive affect. Against a criterion of actual job control, non-burned-out subjects overestimated their control, whereas burned-out subjects approached complete agreement with criterion. Despite evidence for a "depressive realism effect," greater perceptual accuracy was not attributable to depression among the more burned-out nurses.
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PMID:Depression, burnout, and perceptions of control in hospital nurses. 760 64

This study was designed to clarify the nature of effects of trichloroethylene (TCE) on the central nervous system, and to determine the critical concentrations in blood associated with specific behavioural changes. This was achieved by a follow up of the whole time course of TCE intoxication during and after exposure. The effects of a single four hour exposure to TCE on signalled bar press shock avoidance in rats were tested by methods previously applied to investigate the acute neurobehavioural effects of exposure to toluene. Even low exposure to TCE induced shock avoidance performance decrements in rats. Rats exposed to 250 ppm TCE showed a significant decrease both in the total number of lever presses and in avoidance responses at 140 minutes of exposure compared with controls. The rats did not recover their pre-exposure performance until 140 minutes after the exhaustion of TCE vapour. Exposures in the range 250 ppm to 2000 ppm TCE for four hours produced concentration related decreases in the avoidance response rate. No apparent acceleration of the reaction time was seen during exposure to 1000 or 2000 ppm TCE. The latency to a light signal was somewhat prolonged during the exposure to 2000 to 4000 ppm TCE. It is estimated that there was depression of the central nervous system with slight performance decrements and the corresponding blood concentration was 40 micrograms/ml during exposure. Depression of the central nervous system with anaesthetic performance decrements was produced by a blood TCE concentration of about 100 micrograms/ml. These results showed effects of TCE on the central nervous system that were considered to be a function of both the exposure concentration and the duration of exposure, which are closely related to the TCE concentration in blood.
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PMID:Acute effects of trichloroethylene on blood concentrations and performance decrements in rats and their relevance to humans. 850

Major trauma results in massive impairment of immunologic reactivity, the clinical consequence of which consists in the high susceptibility of the traumatized individual toward serious infection. Whereas parts of the immune system are stimulated within a systemic, nondiscriminant, excessive whole-body inflammation, other functions within the complex of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) are dramatically paralyzed. Immune abnormalities in the aftermath of trauma occur in a sequence of states of cellular activation and within a complex order of events that is not yet well understood. Traumatic stress is causing disintegration of the intact monocyte (Mphi)-T cell interaction, which is associated with profound changes in Mphi forward-regulatory capacities and substantial depression of T cell function. Extensive tissue destruction results in the generation of numerous stimuli, such as phagocytosis, immune complexes, complement split products, and endo- and exotoxins, all of which contribute to excessive Mphi activation. Mphi then rapidly produce and release prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a powerful endogenous immune suppressant. PGE2 is an inhibitor of T cell mitogenesis, interleukin 2 (IL-2) production, and IL-2 receptor expression; and it has a massive impact on the quality of B cell antibody synthesis. Most importantly, PGE2 represents an important cofactor for the induction of T-helper lymphocyte (TH) activity toward the TH2 direction. TH2 cells are associated with the synthesis of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10. Although immunosuppressive substrates are inhibitory for TH1 cells-the functional carriers of CMI-they support TH2 activity, which predisposes the host to develop infection. The endogenous ability of the organism to survive overwhelming trauma is insufficient and requires major exogenous support. Immune modulatory interventions, depending on the immune abnormalities seen in the traumatized host, should be started as early as possible after trauma in a preventive fashion to protect against organ tissue destruction. Ideally, it should protect all cellular host defense compartments from hyperactivation as well as from exhaustion. We do believe that only a combination of drugs can effectively control the posttraumatic dyshomeostasis of the various cell systems.
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PMID:Update on the mechanisms of immune suppression of injury and immune modulation. 866 34

A randomly selected group of consultant psychiatrists (n = 39) working within the NHS in Scotland was compared with a combined group of physicians and surgeons (n = 149) on several variables related to the stress process, including personality traits, coping strategies, psychological distress, burnout, job stress and work demands. Psychiatrists reported fewer clinical work demands (p < .001), and their mean personality scores were significantly different from physicians and surgeons by being high in neuroticism (p = .009), openness (p = .003) and agreeableness (p = .002), and low in conscientiousness (p = .04). Psychiatrists reported higher work-related emotional exhaustion (p = .03) and severe depression (p = .02). However, psychiatrists did not report more work-related stress than physicians and surgeons. Many stress-related variables were highly correlated within the group of psychiatrists, suggesting that there is a very general disposition to experience negative emotion (including job-related stress) in some individuals. Organisational and personal contributions to stress in the practice of psychiatry are considered. There are personality characteristics that might dispose some people toward psychiatry as a career and toward stress. However, there is no evidence to suggest that screening for admission to psychiatry in terms of personality or other psychological factors would be useful or advisable.
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PMID:Personality and stress in consultant psychiatrists. 881 95


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