Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The leaves of the plant "Cardospermum helicacabum" were extracted with different solvents and found to contain largely tannins, saponins and traces of alkaloids. The alcoholic extract was tested for its pharmacological effects on various intact and isolated biological preparations. On the CNS the extract produced depression in near lethal doses. On the CVS the extract produced fall of blood pressure and bradycardia. The fall of blood pressure was antagonised partially by atropine and anti-histamine. On guinea pig ileum the extract produced powerful contraction which was partially antagonised by atropine and anti-histamine. The extract produced mild analgesia as tested by the radiant heat method in rats. It appears to be a proconvulsant in nature as tested by the electroshock method in rats. The extract when administered orally produced significant anti-inflammatory effect in rats as tested by the granuloma pouch and cotton pellet implantation methods.
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PMID:Studies on the pharmacological actions of Cardiospermum helicacabum. 101 Jun 35

A peptide material with opiate-like activity in the guinea-pig ileum was extracted from porcine pituitaries using a hot glacial acetic acid extraction method and was partially purified by gel filtration. When injected intraventricularly in rats, these purified peptides induced strong analgesia, catelepsy, respiratory depression and other opiate-like effects, which lasted for several hours.
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PMID:Porcine pituitary peptides with opiate-like activity: partial purification and effects in the rat after intraventricular injection. 103 19

In 70 patients (maxillo-facial-, neurosurgical-, abdominal- and gynaecological operations) the technique of "analgetic anaesthesia" using high doses of fentanyl (0.025 mg/kg body weight) and naloxone as its antagonist (0.02 mg/kg body weight) has been employed. All patients were artificially ventilated with N2O/O2 in a 3:1 ratio. Muscle relaxation was achieved with pancuronium-bromide (0.08 mg/kg). The patients had no apparent heart or lung disease. The youngest patient was 4 years of age, the oldest 82 years of age (average age 48.9). The necessity for a reinjection of fentanyl (half the initial dose) was determined by continously monitoring heart rate. This variable appeared to be the most subtle index indicating a reduction in analgesia. Sufficient analgesia was maintained once the heart rate stayed 20% below preanaesthetic levels. At the end of the operation naloxone reversed the respiratory depression. There was no evidence indicating postoperative pain, which may have required administration of additional analgesics. If deep analgesia was maintained up to the last surgical procedures no emesis appeared in the post operative period. The incidence of emesis was higher 10% compared to the classical neuroleptanalgesia with droperidol this was often noted in cases where blood accumulated in the stomach (maxillo-facial operations) (70%). In 3% of all cases psychomotor agitation with delirium appeared right after the injection of naloxone. This lasted for about 15 minutes. We suspect that due to the sudden and powerful effect of naxolone, in replacing fentanyl from its receptor site, acute withdrawal symptoms may be precipitated.
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PMID:[High doses of fentanyl as the sole anaesthetic agent and naloxone as its antagonist (author's transl)]. 113 60

We performed a retrospective study of the morbidity and mortality rates of 125 infants, born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and admitted to the newborn intensive-care unit for observation. A comparison was made of maternal age, history of toxemia, type of anesthesia, duration of analgesia, presence of cord complications, abnormalities of fetal heart rate, duration of meconium staining, birth weight, gestational age, 1 and 5 minute Apgar scores, and type of resuscitation between infants who were symptomatic or asymptomatic in the unit. Forty-three developed respiratory distress (symptomatic) and eight died; 82 were asymptomatic. The only difference between the two groups was a history of immediate tracheal suction in the delivery room. Of 97 infants receiving immediate tracheal suction, 27 became symptomatic and one died--an infant with Down's syndrome and endocardial cushion defect. On the other hand, of 28 infants who did not receive immediate tracheal suction, 16 became symptomatic and seven died of massive meconium aspiration pneumonitis (P less than 0.001). We concluded that in infants born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid, immediate tracheal suction is a safe procedure that significantly lowers the morbidity and mortality rates and produces no further respiratory depression of the infant.
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PMID:Tracheal suction in meconium aspiration. 115 18

The cardiopulmonary effects of droperidol-fentanyl, nitrous oxide, and atropine were evaluated in 12 adult male Beagle dogs. All dogs were surgically instrumented with a cardiac output thermistor and arterial and venous catheters and were prepared with a chronic tracheostomy. Each dog was used as its own control, and data obtained when dogs were nonanesthetized and nonmedicated were compared with data recorded after the test drugs were administered. The dogs were randomly allotted to 3 groups of 4 dogs each. Group I dogs were given droperidol-fentanyl alone intravenously (IV); group II dogs were given droperidol-fentanyl IV with 67% nitrous oxide; and group III dogs were given atropine sulfate intramuscularly followed by droperidol-fentanyl IV with 67% nitrous oxide. Minute volume was decreased in the 3 groups of dogs for 3 to 5 minutes after droperidol-fentanyl was injected. This resulted in respiratory and metabolic acidosis in all dogs, as indicated by increased arterial carbon dioxide tension, decreased pH, and increased base deficit. In addition, droperidol-fentanyl given alone caused a decrease in systolic pressure and a slight decrease in heart rate. Group 1 dogs were sensitive to auditory stimulation. Cardiovascular changes were not seen when nitrous oxide was added; however, analgesia and muscle relaxation were improved. Premedication with atropine sulfate resulted in increased cardiac output, heart rate, and diastolic pressure, and subsequent administration of droperidol-fentanyl with nitrous oxide caused a transient increase in mean arterial and systolic pressure. This last anesthetic regimen, along with assisted or controlled respiration, seems to provide an excellent anesthetic state with minimal cardiopulmonary depression.
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PMID:Cardiopulmonary effects of fentanyl-droperidol, nitrous oxide, and atropine sulfate in dogs. 115 37

In volunteer human subjects not undergoing surgical operations and breathing spontaneously, the cardiovascular effects of Innovar and of its components, fentanyl and droperidol, were determined when the drugs were administered in minimal amounts necessary to reach an analgesic endpoint. This amount was fentanyl 5 mcg./kg. body weight combined with droperidol 0.22 mg./kg. Innovar, or its components when administered separately, produced minimal cardiovascular changes of consequence during the time of maximum analgesia (about 15 minutes). With the passage of time after administration of a single dose of Innovar, there were some changes in cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume, probably representing normal changes of sedated sleep. None of the changes, acute or delayed, was clinically significant. Analgesia could be achieved only when fentanyl was combined with droperidol; and although a certain amount of respiratory depression resulted from the combined drugs, the authors concluded that the observed cardiovascular changes probably represented primary drug effects.
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PMID:Cardiovascular effects of minimal analgesic quantities of Innovar, fentanyl, and droperidol in man. 116 51

The intramuscular injection of meperidine (1 mg./kg.) alone causes significant respiratory depression, and doxapram (2 mg./kg.) alone causes significant respiratory stimulation, as evidenced by their ability to shift the carbon dioxide (CO2) response curve to the right and left, respectively. When given together, the mixture of the two drugs does not cause any significant respiratory depression, as indicated by the absence of a significant shift in the CO2 response curve to the right. This mixture has possible clinical usefulness in providing postoperative analgesia without respiratory depression.
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PMID:Doxapram antagonism of meperidine-induced respiratory depression. 116 24

Microiontophoretic administrations of morphine to cholino-excitable neurones in the cerebral cortex of decerebrate cats evoked a weak excitation which became more prominent upon repeated administrations of the alkaloid. This effect was not antagonized by naloxone. Iontophoresis of methylatropine prevented the excitation induced with acetylcholine and morphine, leaving that caused by glutamate relatively unaltered. Similar applications of morphine to neurones which were not excited by test applications of acetylcholine did not result in excitation but elicited mainly a depression of glutamate-evoked firing. It is suggested that the muscarinic effect of morphine in the cortex may be related to the excitation and convulsions, but not the analgesia, which occurs upon systemic administrations of the narcotic.
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PMID:Morphine excitation in the cerebral cortex. 117 94

Initial examination and therapy, and the avoidance of maltreatment are emphasized. Gastric decompression is of prime importance, after which no compound should be administered via stomach tube. Where large amounts of high starch grains are fed, primary acute gastric dilatation must be differentiated from that secondary to small bowel dilatation, by immediate gastric intubation and irrigation of the cardia with lidocaine. If cessation of pain and improvement of peristalsis and general attitude follow, the former state may be assumed. If pain persists and peristalsis does not improve markedly, one should assume small bowel displacement. Rectal examination is helpful in initial evaluation: impactions, inguinal herniation and ileocaecal intussusception may be diagnosed and small bowel displacement suspected. Palpation of one or more distended loops of bowel in the ventral middle third of the abdomen indicates small bowel displacement or ileus and flaccid distension. Distinction by rectal palpation alone is difficult. Palpation of the gas-distended apex of the caecum in the middle third of the abdomen is virtually pathognomonic for 180 degrees rotation of the large bowel. Abdominal paracentesis yielding true sanguineous effusion indicates a necrotizing segment of the bowel. If negative, such a segment is absent, or there is an infarcted segment, not yet damaged to the point of leaching whole blood, or the necrotizing segment is outside the peritoneal cavity, i.e., in the thorax, intussuscepted into the caecum, or herniated into the inguinal canal. Recurrent colics frequently may be due to verminous arteritis but the relationship to diet should be investigated. Recurrent colics after grain ingestion with occult blood in the faeces may be due to ulcers; such cases respond well to grain withdrawal. The advantages and disadvantages of phenothiazine-derived tranquillizers are discussed. They are contra-indicated if there is any evidence of circulating volume insufficiency but are benefical in many instances through improved peripheral perfusion of organs provided circulating volume is adequate, i.e., early in acute abdominal disease prior to development of circulatory insufficiency. They should not be administered if immediate surgery is contemplated because of hypotensive effects. The administration of oral antibiotics (Neomycin) early in the course of the disease is encouraged. This is contra-indicated if the horse is already toxic, when it should receive parenteral antibiotics, preferably chloromycetin. Tetracyclines may predispose to the later development of salmonella diarrhoea. Absolute analgesia should be provided; our preference is the magnesium sulphate-chloral hydrate solutions. Administration of mineral oil is desirable in initiation of peristalsis, depression of Gram-negative overgrowth and softening of impactioning obstructions but nothing should be administered per os if the stomach has required decompression.
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PMID:Monitoring and evaluating the physiological changes in the horse with acute abdominal disease. 117 34

Continuous lumbar extradural analgesia with mepivacaine was administered to two groups of patients in normal labour. One group (26 patients: 1% mepivacaine) received a mean total dose of 342 mg (4.93 mg/kg) per patient, and developed a mean blood concentration of mepivacaine at delivery of 1.82 mug/ml. The neonatal umbilical vein concentration was 0.84 mug/ml. The other group (30 patients: 2% mepivacaine) received a mean total dose of 776 mg (11.65 mg/kg) per patient, and developed a mean blood concentration of mepivacaine at delivery of 3.47 mug/ml. The neonatal umbilical vein concentration was 2.61 mug/ml. Four of the infants of mothers who received 1% mepivacaine were depressed (1-min Apgar score 6 or less), and six of the other group were depressed also. Usually, depression appeared to be related to obstetric factors, rather than to analgesia. Eleven of the 56 infants had umbilical vein mepivacaine concentrations of 3 mug/ml or greater; of these, three were depressed. This does not agree with the concept that the toxic threshold for mepivacaine is 3 mug/ml. In both groups a significant linear correlation was obtained between umbilical vein concentration and total dose of mepivacaine. A maximal dose of 12 mg/kg maternal weight in the non-obese or 12 mg/kg lean body mass in the obese is suggested for continuous extradural analgesia with mepivacaine, although healthy mothers and infants may tolerate much more.
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PMID:Maternal and neonatal effects of 1% and 2% mepivacaine for lumbar extradural analgesia. 121 68


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