Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty-six children (mean age 2.4 years) premedicated with oral chloral hydrate 70 mg kg-1 and atropine 0.03 mg kg-1 were anaesthetized with either 3.75% isoflurane or 2.5% halothane in 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen. The eyelash reflex disappeared in 39 +/- 7 s (mean +/- SD) with isoflurane and in 56 +/- 16 s with halothane (P less than 0.001). Tachypnoea was seen with both anaesthetics. Coughing, breath holding, stridorous breathing and respiratory depression were seen during isoflurane but not during halothane induction (P less than 0.01). In nine of 20 children anaesthetized with isoflurane, the ventilation had to be assisted before intubation. Endotracheal intubation was possible in 224 +/- 35 s with isoflurane and in 281 +/- 64 s with halothane (P less than 0.01). Intubating conditions were satisfactory in 80% of the children anaesthetized with either volatile agent. Cardiovascular responses to endotracheal intubation were minimal with both anaesthetics. No cardiac dysrhythmias were noted. Heart rate was higher during isoflurane than during halothane induction. Diastolic arterial pressure was lower during isoflurane than during halothane induction immediately and 5 min after intubation.
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PMID:Comparison of inhalation induction with isoflurane or halothane in children. 187

This study examined induction and recovery times and respiratory and cardiovascular changes during induction and recovery in paediatric patients undergoing anaesthesia under spontaneous respiration induced with sevoflurane (S group, n = 10) and halothane (H group, n = 9) at 2.4 MAC. FET/FI increased more rapidly, the incidence of breath holding and coughing was less and the recovery time was shorter in the S group compared with the H group. During induction with sevoflurane at 2.4 MAC, min vol/bodyweight decreased due to reduced tidal vol/bodyweight despite increased respiratory frequency, as with halothane at the same MAC. Slight decrease in blood pressure was observed during induction in the S group, while the circulatory depression was not observed during induction in the H group. These results suggest that sevoflurane is a suitable agent for induction under spontaneous respiration with higher concentrations in paediatric anaesthesia.
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PMID:Sevoflurane in paediatric anaesthesia: effects on respiration and circulation during induction and recovery. 884 91

Breath holding maneuvers induce hypoxia, hypercapnia, and various cardiovascular responses typically including increases in total peripheral resistance, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and decreases in heart rate (HR). During dynamic exercise these responses may have a generally negative impact on performance. Moreover, they deserve particular attention in cardiovascular risk subjects. In 26 healthy sport students we studied the HR and MAP effects induced by the combination of dynamic exercise (cycle ergometry, 30 W and 250 W) with 20 s of either respiratory arrest (mouth piece pressure held constant at 20 mm Hg), free breathing, or rebreathing, i. e. periods of unimpeded breathing leading to similar levels of hypercapnia and hypoxia as the respiratory arrest. The measurements yielded no major differences between the conditions of rebreathing and free breathing. In contrast, 20 s of apnea led to a marked increase in MAP and a HR depression at both levels of exercise intensity. Additionally, there was a delayed MAP recovery after this stimulus. The present findings show that breath holding has marked effects on MAP and HR during dynamic exercise, which are essentially independent of the resulting hypoxia and of increases in intrathoracic pressure. The key factor seems to be an increase in total peripheral resistance, probably including a vasoconstriction in the exercising muscles.
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PMID:Cardiovascular responses to apnea during dynamic exercise. 1603 83

Respiratory depression limits provision of safe opioid analgesia and is the main cause of death in drug addicts. Although opioids are known to inhibit brainstem respiratory activity, their effects on cortical areas that mediate respiration are less well understood. Here, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine how brainstem and cortical activity related to a short breath hold is modulated by the opioid remifentanil. We hypothesized that remifentanil would differentially depress brain areas that mediate sensory-affective components of respiration over those that mediate volitional motor control. Quantitative measures of cerebral blood flow were used to control for hypercapnia-induced changes in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal. Awareness of respiration, reflected by an urge-to-breathe score, was profoundly reduced with remifentanil. Urge to breathe was associated with activity in the bilateral insula, frontal operculum, and secondary somatosensory cortex. Localized remifentanil-induced decreases in breath hold-related activity were observed in the left anterior insula and operculum. We also observed remifentanil-induced decreases in the BOLD response to breath holding in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, the cerebellum, and periaqueductal gray, brain areas that mediate task performance. Activity in areas mediating motor control (putamen, motor cortex) and sensory-motor integration (supramarginal gyrus) were unaffected by remifentanil. Breath hold-related activity was observed in the medulla. These findings highlight the importance of higher cortical centers in providing contextual awareness of respiration that leads to appropriate modulation of respiratory control. Opioids have profound effects on the cortical centers that control breathing, which potentiates their actions in the brainstem.
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PMID:Opioids depress cortical centers responsible for the volitional control of respiration. 1955 57

Depression and anxiety in women sharply rising. Working women have high level of stress than non working women. Increasing amount of work stress at home and work place and its impact on family and home environment can be seen, which affect their emotional, psychological and physical health. The concept of yoga is helpful for reducing anxiety and improving cardiorespiratory parameters has created a great interest in the medical research field. The present study was conducted to assessing the effect of yogic exercises and meditation in working women. Yogic session was carried out for 16 weeks. Cardiorespiratory parameters (pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure and breath holding time) were measured before and after yoga training. Stress was measured by anxiety score as an indicator of stress, also Visual reaction time as an indicator of cognitive function and finger dexterity score as an indicator of motor skills were measured before and after yoga training. Statistical analysis was done by paired 't' test. It was found that statistically significant improvement in cardiorespiratory parameters, anxiety score, visual reaction time and finger dexterity score (P < 0.05) after yogic training. Thus, a combined practice of asana, breathing exercises, and meditation & relaxation technique in a sequence is the best available resource to meet the.present day needs of society.
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PMID:Effect of yogic training on physiological variables in working women. 2590 18