Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The primary immune response to SRBC in BALB/c mice was depressed when they were injected with a fraction (FAd) obtained from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes grown in LIT medium. Plaque-forming cell (PFC) number was 50% less than controls when FAd was injected i.v. 15 min before antigen in doses ranging from 70 microgram up to 400 microgram of protein. Similar depression was observed when 100 microgram FAd was injected up to 6 h before antigen. There was no shift in the peak response to SRBC, neither was depression detected, when a total of 100 microgram FAd protein was given in 20 microgram amounts twice a day before immunization. Mice injected with FAd fraction only showed no increase in background PFC. Both secondary IgM and secondary IgG PFC were depressed when FAd was given before the boosting injection. However, only IgG PFC were depressed when FAd was injected before the priming dose. The delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to DNFB was depressed when animals were injected either during the 3 days after sensitization or with a single dose of 100 microgram of protein of FAd on day of challenge. Bone marrow colony-forming units in spleens of mice injected with FAd were depressed and nodules in the treated animals were smaller than in controls. We conclude that FAd affects humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by interfering with cell division at some stage of the cell cycle.
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PMID:A fraction (FAd) from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes depresses the immune response in mice. 700 Jun 83

Mycobacteria have the ability to enhance or depress immune responses. This paper describes experiments designed to investigate the parameters determining the direction of modulation. It has been shown previously that 10(8) liver Mycobacterium bovis BCG depress the ability of mouse spleen cells to produce a primary antibody response in vitro to SRBC 2-3 weeks after i.v. injection, whereas the same number of dead organisms enhance this response. Using the same growth medium for the BCG (Glaxo glycerol-free medium), we now find that decreasing the BCG dose to mice from 10(8) to 10 (6) liver organisms results in enhanced responses and increasing the dose to more than 10(8) dead organisms results in depressed responses. It thus appears that bacterial load is the important factor determining whether depression or enhancement of the primary antibody response will occur, rather than the viability of the organisms per se. However, when the BCG was grown in Middlebrook 7H9 broth, doses as high as 4 X 10(9) dead BCG/mouse failed to depress although depressed responses were found if sufficient live organisms (7 X 10(8)) were injected. In view of the known growth characteristics of BCG in these 2 bacteriological media, it is suggested that the degree of aggregation of the injected suspension may also be of importance in determining whether or not depression will occur. A comparison of the effects of BCG injected untreated or after dispersion of bacterial aggregates supports this idea. Some degree of splenomegaly was always found in mice with depressed splenic responses but a large spleen did not necessarily yield cell suspensions with depressed responses.
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PMID:Mycobacterium bovis, BCG, modulation of murine antibody responses: influence of dose and degree of aggregation of live or dead organisms. 704 44

Mouse resident peritoneal macrophages were cultured with supernatants from cultures of tumor cells and normal cells, then tested for their capacity to phagocytose opsonized sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). Most tumor cells produced inhibitory material but some did not (HeLa, EL-4). Conversely, nonmalignant cells generally did not produce active material though some (Chang B cells) did. Inhibition was not noticeable until after 13 hr contact with tumor supernatant and then became progressively more pronounced at 24 and 48 hr. Phagocytic capacity recovered only partially on reincubation with fresh medium. Inhibition was caused by material of approximate M.W. less than 1,000 (by membrane filtration), which also inhibited macrophage migration in vitro but had no effect on delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions or tumor growth in vivo. There was no species specificity and normal macrophages from various sources were susceptible, although activated or stimulated macrophages were wholly or partly resistant. Tumor carriage was associated with an initial decrease in phagocytic capacity of resident peritoneal macrophages, followed by an increase then a second decrease, although the cells remained susceptible to the inhibitory effect of tumor supernatant in vitro. Depression of phagocytosis was more marked in the presence of normal mouse serum and less marked in the presence of human serum than in the presence of fetal calf serum. Phagocytosis of zymosan and pinocytosis of colloidal gold by mouse macrophages were also depressed by tumor cell products.
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PMID:Macrophages and resistance of tumors 6. The effects of supernatants from cultures of normal and tumor cells on phagocytosis. 712 Feb 29

1. Bedouin chickens are kept in deserts mainly for eggs and are well adapted to arid conditions. However, deserts are also characterised by relatively cold winter nights. As a consequence of cold stress there is an involution of lymphoid organs and a depression of immunological function. We compared the performance and immunological responses of Bedouin and White Leghorn hens kept in outdoor pens in the Negev Desert during the winter. 2. Initial mean body mass was similar for the two breeds: 1525 g for Bedouin hens and 1542 g for White Leghorn hens. White Leghorns lost 7.74 g/d, compared with 0.60 g/d for Bedouin hens and produced 0.36 eggs/d, compared with 0.54 eggs/day for Bedouin hens. 3. The heterophil/lymphocyte ratio for Bedouin hens was 0.28, which was lower than the 0.44 for White Leghorn hens. Phagocytic index was higher in Bedouin hens than in White Leghorns. Furthermore, wattle index measured 24, 48 and 72 h after PHA injections and anti-SRBC antibody titres determined 10 d after challenge were also higher in Bedouin hens than in White Leghorns. 4. We concluded that the Bedouin hens were less stressed by the cold than were the White Leghorn hens.
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PMID:Effect of cold stress on performance and immune responses of Bedouin and White Leghorn hens. 846 97

The effects of 1/1000 field recommended concentration of the organophosphorus compounds; edifenphos and glyphosate on the immune response and protein contents were investigated after different time intervals. The cell mediated immune response assessed by proliferative response of splenocytes to mitogens; phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) for T cell and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for B cell decreased significantly in tems of the level of stimulation index in the treated fish and reached maximal depression after 4 weeks. Humoral immunity assessed as splenic antibody plaque forming cells (PFC) measured after 5 days in vitro immunization to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC's) were suppressed in a concentration dependent pattern by the two compounds. The estimated ED50 for the PFC/10(6) cells of edifenphos and glyphosate were 1.48 x 10(-2) uM and 1.65 x 10(-2) uM respectively. The data also showed that serum antibody titres in the treated fish were decreased in a time dependent manner. The total protein content of serum treated with the two pesticides was decreased after different time periods compared with control. The blood serum of treated and untreated Tilapia nilotica were analyzed electrophoretically for protein components and the percentage of proteins in each fraction was determined.
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PMID:Effects of edifenphos and glyphosate on the immune response and protein biosynthesis of bolti fish (Tilapia nilotica). 953 12

Broiler breeder hens were fed diets amended with 0 and 10 mg/kg (Trial 1) or 0, 0.2, 1, or 5 mg/kg (Trial 2) of aflatoxin (AF). Fertile eggs collected during 14 d of AF feeding were examined for AF residues. Various immunological endpoints were examined in chicks hatched from these eggs. Eggs collected at 7 d of AF feeding (Trial 1) had 0.15 to 0.48 ng/g of AFB1 and 0.22 to 0.51 ng/g of aflatoxicol, whereas eggs collected at 14 d of AF feeding had 0.05 to 0.60 ng of AFB1/g and 0.19 to 1.20 ng of aflatoxicol/g. In both trials, AF dietary exposure resulted in embryonic mortality and reduction in hatchability compared to controls. The AF progeny chicks in Trial 2 had total anti-SRBC antibodies similar to the controls during the primary antibody response. However, at 5 and 7 d after secondary SRBC injection, the antibody levels in the 1 and 5 mg/kg AF groups were lower than those of controls. Depression in anti-Brucella abortus antibodies occurred only in chicks from the 5 mg/kg AF group. Furthermore, phagocytosis of SRBC and reactive oxygen intermediate production by macrophages from AF progeny chicks were reduced as compared with the control chicks. The findings of this study imply that the progeny chicks from hens consuming a AF-amended diet may be increasingly susceptible to disease owing to suppression of humoral and cellular immunity.
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PMID:Dietary exposure of broiler breeders to aflatoxin results in immune dysfunction in progeny chicks. 962 28

Benzodiazepines (BZDs) used extensively as antianxiety agents are known for their low toxicity. However, a long lasting depression of mitogen stimulated secretion of macrophage-derived cytokines has been shown in offsprings of rats that were exposed to diazepam during pregnancy. The Present study investigates the effects of long term administration of diazepam and alprazolam on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in adult male Wistar rats and Swiss albino mice. Administration of diazepam (5 mg/kg/day x 7-14 d) and alprazolam (1 mg/kg/day x 7-14 d) produced a significant reduction of anti-SRBC antibody titre, a measure of humoral immune response, and foot pad thickness and % leucocyte migration inhibition (% LMI), measures of cell-mediated immune responses. Administration of diazepam (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or alprazolam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) before subjecting the animals to restraint stress (RS) reversed the immunosuppressive effects of RS. Both per se immunosuppressive effects and attenuation of RS-induced immunosuppression of BZDs was antagonized by flumazenil (10 mg/kg, i.p.), a central BZD receptor antagonist. Thus, BZDs appear to modulate the immune system in non-stressed and stressed adult animals in a differential manner and these effects are mediated via central benzodiazepine receptors.
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PMID:Differential effects of benzodiazepines on immune responses in non-stressed and stressed animals. 1250 25


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