Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

T-794 is a new reversible inhibitor of MAO type A. In order to predict its clinical utility as an antidepressant, we examined its pharmacological profile (i.e., MAO inhibitory activity, antidepressant-like activity and safety) in vivo in rodents. The p.o. administration of T-794 potentiated L-5-hydroxytryptophan-induced symptoms with ED50 = 1.01 mg/kg (mice) or 1.15 mg/kg (rats), and L-dopa-induced behavior with ED50 = 5.90 mg/kg (mice), whereas it did not alter the effect of beta-phenylethylamine even at 100 mg/kg (mice). In the L-5-hydroxytryptophan test in rats, the activity of T-794 (at twice the dose of ED50) disappeared by 8 h; the duration of action was similar to that of moclobemide. These results confirm the previous biochemical results that MAO-A inhibition by T-794 is highly selective and of short duration. T-794 was effective in three animal models of depression: reserpine reversal (mice, rats), behavioral despair test (mice) and learned helplessness (rats). In these tests, it had potency similar to or greater than moclobemide, tranylcypromine or imipramine. The p.o. administration of T-794 (30 mg/kg) did not affect the pressor effect of tyramine in anesthetized rats, whereas moclobemide (30 mg/kg) and tranylcypromine (6 mg/kg) potentiated the effect. Acute toxicity of T-794 proved to be very low (maximal tolerated dose > 2 g/kg p.o.) in contrast to brofaromine (maximal tolerated dose = 150 mg/kg p.o.). Unlike tricyclic antidepressants, T-794 did not prevent the oxotremorine-induced tremor even at 100 mg/kg p.o.; in this it demonstrated a lack of the anticholinergic activity. These results suggest that T-794 is an effective and particularly safe antidepressant and that it may make an important contribution in the treatment of depressive disorders.
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PMID:In vivo characterization of T-794, a novel reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-A, as an antidepressant with a wide safety margin. 949 58

Euthanasia as a concept and a practice has led to enormous debate in Greece, as well as in other countries. In this study, we examined the views of the public and of professionals on the issue of euthanasia. A self-administered questionnaire of 28 items was completed by 417 subjects, and provided information about attitudes towards the moral and ethical problems of euthanasia. Psychiatric speculations which arose during the approach of this issue were seen in the majority of the responses (88.3%). Psychodynamic unconscious processes reinforced and violated mechanisms and motives in favour of, or against euthanasia. Of the respondents, 44.3% were against life extension with mechanical devices. Putative main risk factors for suicidal ideation and the desire for death were: pain 66.2%, despair 60.2%, depression 59.7%, and psychopathology 38.6%. This study thus revealed that apart from pain, psychosocial factors play a key role in leading people to ask for euthanasia. On the other hand, the knowledge of the public and professionals regarding this issue is not sufficient, and thus discussion of euthanasia by Medical Societies is needed and necessary.
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PMID:Euthanasia in Greece: moral and ethical dilemmas. 966 89

This is a story by a woman about her life with panic, agoraphobia, and depression. She tells us about the clinical features, the heritable components, the environmental contributions, the developmental penalties, the social consequences, and the therapies for these conditions far more vividly than even the most dramatic of our systematic studies. But this is more than a clinical vignette. It is a human story of courage to proceed undaunted in the face of terror and despair to ultimately prevail over the most formidable internal obstacles. Nowadays I rarely see Mrs. Edwards. She is too busy living. I know she is productively and gratifyingly employed and engaged with her family. Usually I learn of her adventures here and abroad through letters written in the same captivating style as the autobiography below. I have witnessed Mrs. Edwards reading her story to others with similar problems, to medical students, and to psychiatric residents. The impact invariably was stunning. Making her acquaintance even in the dry print medium is an unforgettable learning experience.
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PMID:Panic disorder and agoraphobia: a sufferer's perspective. 971 83

This study examined the effects of neurosteroids dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and pregnenolone sulfate (PS) and progesterone on the Porsolt forced swim test of depression in mice, and investigated the possible involvement of delta receptors. The immobility time in the mouse forced swimming test was significantly reduced by DHEAS (5 and 20 mg/kg, s.c.) and PS (5 mg/kg) without accompanying changes in the ambulatory or open-field activity. Pretreatment with DHEAS (10 mg/kg) or PS (10 and 20 mg/kg), however, failed to modify the immobility. The relief of behavioral despair in the immobility test by DHEAS (5 and 20 mg/kg) was dose-dependently blocked by preadministration of NE-100 (N,N-dipropyl-2-[4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl-ethylamine monohydrochloride; 0.5 and 1 mg/kg), a putative delta1 receptor antagonist, or progesterone (10 mg/kg), a delta receptor antagonistic neurosteroid. On the other hand, PS (5 mg/kg)-induced decrease in the immobility was significantly blocked by NE-100(0.5 mg/kg), but not by progesterone (10 mg/kg). Neither NE-100 nor progesterone influenced the immobility alone. These data suggest a role for central delta receptor in the antidepressant-like effects of neurosteroids, and reinforced their potential therapeutic use in depression.
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PMID:Sigma (sigma1) receptor mediated anti-depressant-like effects of neurosteroids in the Porsolt forced swim test. 980 18

Relocation to a nursing home places frail elders at risk for developing depression and suicide ideation. This study followed two hundred and fifty-six newly relocated nursing home residents for five years. Using a Solomon Four research design, participants were divided into four groups, two control and two experimental, one each with pretesting and all with posttesting. Participants in the control groups received a friendly visit and those in the experimental groups received the intervention of life review. Immediate short-term results showed the life review to be an effective preventive intervention for clinical depression (p = .05). Additionally, when looking at long-term effects at one year, there were significant decrease in depression (p = .05), hopelessness (p = .01), and psychological well-being (p = .02) with measurable increases in life satisfaction (p = .08). These findings support the hypothesis that life review prevents despair in frail elders newly admitted to a nursing home.
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PMID:Life review: preventing despair in newly relocated nursing home residents short- and long-term effects. 983 92

We have been developing a VR system to provide patients with emotional support and to encourage them to assume an active life against cancer, since patients with an active lifestyle survive longer than those with a passive lifestyle. A possible explanation for this latter fact is that psychological stimulation may also activate the endocrine system and the immune system. Both systems may be able to rapidly repair tissue damaged by cancer and change the characteristics of the cancer itself. Although microelectrical analysis and molecular and genetic analyses are rapidly solving the riddles of the relationship between the brain and thought, we think that our VR research for palliative medicine may also play an important role in this area with regard to the development of new tools for treatment and support. This notion is based on the hypothesis that the brain can reorganize itself to compensate for irrationality or inappropriateness through pharmacological adaptation and/or anatomical regeneration of synapses. Another reason why VR research in palliative medicine is useful is that VR techniques represent not only an enhanced human-machine interface, but also an enhanced human communication technology. VR technology may also be used to help patients accept their disease. The mental state of a patient in the terminal stage of cancer changes step by step from denial of cancer, hope for a new treatment for cancer, suspicion of medical treatment, uneasiness regarding their future life, irritation, depression, and acceptance or despair. We plan to develop a new type of counseling system in medical cyberspace to provide mental care. It can also be used for group therapy or humor therapy to reduce loneliness. In summary, we conclude that VR technology can be applied to palliative medicine (1) to support communication between the patient and others, (2) to provide psychological support to treat neurosis and help to stabilize the patient's mental state, and (3) to actually treat cancer.
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PMID:Virtual reality for the palliative care of cancer. 1017 45

In the past 25 years a trend away from lifetime commitment in religious institutes, a rising number of retired religious,, and the Second Vatican Council's call for greater lay involvement in all aspects of ministry have led to many changes in Catholic-sponsored health care facilities. The development process of religious institutes parallels that of individuals as they mature from infancy to late adulthood. After Vatican II, religious institutes underwent an "intimacy versus isolation" stage similar to that experienced by people in their twenties, in which interpersonal relationships became more important. Now institutes are in a stage of "ego integrity versus despair," where they must consider changes--closing facilities, mergers, affiliations,, or divestiture of sponsorship--and how they can keep their mission alive afterward. Religious leaders must be energetic in creating programs that allow laypersons who share the institute's mission, charism, and philosophy to carry out its ministry. But in the midst of these changes, religious members also will experience grief at the loss of their sponsorship or control over their facility. They pass through the same stages people experience after the death of a loved one: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Only by confronting and accepting their grief can institute members go on to either new ministries or reaffirmed commitment to their current work.
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PMID:Coping with change: a challenge for sponsors. 1028 81

The effect of nitrendipine (NTP) alone and in combination with phenytoin (PHT) and valproate (VPA) against maximal electroshock seizures (MES) was studied in rats. In addition, the psychomotor effects of NTP alone and in combination with PHT and VPA were evaluated using the following tests: a) rotarod performance; b) spontaneous motor activity; c) despair behavior; d) righting reflex; e) hole board test; and f) passive avoidance test. ED50 values of PHT, VPA and NTP were 13,255 and 3.6 mg/kg, respectively. When NTP was combined with PHT or VPA, the ED50 values decreased to 0.9 and 226 mg/kg, respectively. In the psychomotor function tests, for the same degree of protection (50%) afforded against MES, PHT or VPA produced a greater impairment in all the parameters compared to NTP alone or a combination of NTP with PHT or VPA. Furthermore, NTP reversed the depression and long-term memory loss induced by PHT and VPA. Thus, NTP was effective against MES in rats, potentiating the anti-electroshock activity of PHT and VPA and producing less impairment of psychomotor activity. Thus, the agent can be considered a potential antiepileptic warranting further studies.
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PMID:Anticonvulsant and psychomotor activity of nitrendipine alone and in combination with phenytoin and valproate in rats. 1044 38

In this paper the author explores the relationship, first formulated by Freud, between depression and the experience of losing one's feeling of being able to love. She emphasises the narcissistic organisation underlying depression and depressive anxieties, and argues that the defences used to protect against such anxieties frequently produce the very states of mind they are supposed to be defending against. Using clinical material from a patient in analysis, she describes the way in which a combination of idealisation and a subtle, pervasive contempt for objects creates a brittle, sham relationship with the analyst, and that when this sham relationship is threatened, the patient can feel a catastrophic sense of desolation. Such events threaten the analysis, and often create correspondingly great anxiety in the analyst. At such times the analyst may be tempted to return the analytic relationship to the earlier, seemingly less disturbing state. The author argues that this would be a mistake, because it perpetuates the patient's despair about being able to engage only in fraudulent, ultimately empty relationships, and his fear that the analyst is unable to recognise this despair and to help him with it.
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PMID:Absolute zero: a man who doubts his own love.... 1047 5

alpha2-Adrenoceptors (alpha2-AR) modulate many central nervous system functions, such as regulation of sympathetic tone, vigilance, attention, and reactivity to environmental stressors. Three alpha2-AR subtypes (alpha2A, alpha2B, and alpha2C) with distinct tissue-distribution patterns are known to exist, but the functional significance of each subtype is not clear. Since specific, alpha2-AR subtype-selective pharmacological probes are not available, mice with genetically altered alpha2C-AR expression were studied in order to investigate the possible involvement of the alpha2C-AR in physiological and behavioral responses to acute and repeated stress. A modified version of Porsolt's forced swimming test was used to assess the possible effects of altered alpha2C-AR expression on the development of behavioral despair. alpha2C-Overexpression increased and the lack of alpha2C-AR (alpha2C-KO) decreased the immobility of mice in the forced swimming test, ie alpha2C-AR expression appeared to promote the development of behavioral despair. In addition, alpha2C-KO was associated with attenuated elevation of plasma corticosterone after different stressors, and overexpression of alpha2C-ARs was linked with increased corticosterone levels after repeated stress. Moreover, the brain dopamine and serotonin balance, but not norepinephrine turnover, was dependent on alpha2C-AR expression, and the expression of c-fos and junB mRNA was increased in alpha2C-KO mice. Since alpha2C-KO produced stress-protective effects, and alpha2C-AR overexpression seemed to promote the development of changes related to depression, it is suggested that a yet-to-be developed subtype-selective alpha2C-AR antagonist might have therapeutic value in the treatment of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders.
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PMID:Genetic alteration of the alpha2-adrenoceptor subtype c in mice affects the development of behavioral despair and stress-induced increases in plasma corticosterone levels. 1052 17


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