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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Exhaustive evidence is quoted showing that uncontrollable (uncoping) stress provoked in experimental mammals leads to depletion of central noradrenergic activity+ adrenomedullary-cortical gland hyperactivity. These physiological disorders cause the typical neuroendocrine peripheral profile: a) raised catecholamines (CA) in plasma [noradrenaline (NA)+adrenaline (Ad)+dopamine (DA), b) reduced NA/Ad ratio in plasma and c) raised plasma cortisol. 2. Exhaustive evidence is quoted which indicates that severely ill humans show peripheral neuroendocrine profile similar to that found in mammals submitted to uncontrollable stress situation. Further, the NA/Ad ratio does not increase but decreases during orthostasis and exercise stress challenges, as well as oral glucose stress (tolerance) test. 3. Exhaustive evidence is quoted which indicates that endogenous depressed subjects show a neuroendocrine profile opposite to that observed in stressed mammals and severely ill humans. This profile consists of central NA (neural sympathetic) hyperactivity+ adrenomedullary glands hyporresponsivity. These disorders are reflected in a three to ten fold increase of the NA/Ad ratio in plasma. 4. Exhaustive evidence is also quoted showing that dysthymic depressed patients show low plasma catecholamines+low NA/Ad plasma ratio (< 2) during supine-resting condition, it is normalized at orthostasis and exercise periods. 5. It is quoted evidence showing that whereas platelet serotonin is increased in dysthymics, the same is reduced in both endogenous depressed and stressed mammals as well as severely ill humans. 6. It is quoted evidence showing that free serotonin in plasma is greatly raised in uncoping stressed mammals and severely ill humans. The same parameter is normal or slightly increased in dysthymic and endogenous depressed humans. These findings are consistent with the increased platelet aggregability observed in "uncontrollable" stressed mammals and in severely ill, but not depressed patients. 7. It is also quoted evidence showing that whereas parasympathetic activity is absent in uncontrollable stressed mammals and severely ill humans, the same is increased in both types of depressed humans. 8. According to the above, the authors postulate the existence of 3 distinct central+ peripheral neuroendocrine profiles for endogenous depression, dysthymic depression and maladaptation to stress syndrome. These different profiles should lead researchers to attempt different therapeutical approach. 9. In view of the fact that the authors found much clinical overlap among the three syndromes (endogenous depression, dysthymic depression and severely ill patients), they believe that a differential diagnosis should be based on neurochemical, neuroendocrine, physiologic, metabolic and neuropharmacological grounds. 10. The experimentally induced uncontrollable stress (behavioral despair) syndrome in mammals should not be used as a valid model of human depressive syndrome.
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PMID:Stress versus depression. 888 2

There are two distinct paths down which patients "diagnosed" with environmental illness/multiple chemical sensitivities (EI/MCS) can travel. Along the first path, beliefs about low-level, multiple chemical sensitivities as the cause of physical and psychological symptoms are instilled and reinforced by a host of factors including toxicogenic speculation, iatrogenic influence mediated by unsubstantiated diagnostic and treatment practices, patient support/advocacy networks, and social contagion. Intrapsychic factors also reinforce this path through the motivational mechanism of factitious malingering, or unconscious primary and secondary gain, mediated through psychological defenses, particularly projection of cause of illness onto the physical environment. The second path involves restructuring distorted beliefs about chemical sensitivities. Explanations of the placebo effect, the physiology of the stress response, and the symptoms of anxiety and panic facilitate the direction of EI/MCS patients onto this path. A decision model is presented to discriminate among toxicogenic and psychogenic explanations of the EI/MCS phenomenon, based on appraisal of reaction and physiologic and cognitive responses during provocation chamber challenges under double-blind, placebo-controlled conditions. These studies have been helpful therapeutically for some patients in selecting the path that leads to wellness. This paper suggests how various therapeutic techniques can be employed with difficult patients. Often, supportive psychotherapy establishes a therapeutic alliance which facilitates cognitive therapy to restructure distorted beliefs. In the process of finding alternative explanations to chemical sensitivities, the etiology of symptoms is related to stressful life events, including childhood experiences which may have disrupted normal personality development and coping capacity. Furthermore, biological and physiological sequelae stemming from early, chronic trauma have been identified which could explain many of the multisystem complaints. The incidence of childhood abuse reported by EI/MCS patients is strikingly high, and it is recollection of trauma that many EI/MCS patients avoid by displacing the psychologic and physiologic adults sequelae onto the physical environment. The reenactment of these experiences may be necessary in the therapy of some affected individuals. Despite the significant therapeutic effort expanded, some patients who are imprisoned by a closed belief system about the harmful effects of chemical sensitivities are resigned to travel down the path which ultimately leads to despair and depression, social isolation, and even death.
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PMID:Clinical consequences of the EI/MCS "diagnosis": two paths. 892 63

Emotional disturbances, such as lack of motivation or depression, are common after stroke. The drugs mainly used to treat these syndromes in Japan are the cerebral metabolic enhancers whose biochemical and pharmacological profiles are similar to those of antidepressant drugs. In order to examine the possible therapeutic effect of T-794 [(5R)-3-(6-(cyclopropylmethoxy) 2-naphthalenyl)-5-(methoxymethyl) 2-oxazolidone], a new reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) type A, on those emotional disturbances, its antidepressant activity was compared with those of major cerebral metabolic enhancers in rodents with or without treatment of cerebral ischemia. Oral administration of T-794 potently prevented reserpine-induced ptosis (ED50 = 4.41 mg/kg), akinesia (ED50 = 3.29 mg/kg), and hypothermia (minimum effective dose = 3 mg/kg) in mice. It was at least 3.7, 13.0, and 3.3 times more potent than cerebral metabolic enhancers tested (indeloxazine, bifemelane, amantadine and idebenone) in antagonism of the ptosis, the akinesia, and the hypothermia, respectively. Effect of T-794 was also examined in the behavioral despair test in rats subjected to forebrain ischemia. The ischemia was induced by a combination of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (15 min) and systemic hypotension (sodium nitroprusside 5 mg/kg, s.c). From 13 d after the surgery, drugs were orally administered twice daily 7 times, and following the last administration rats were assessed for their behavior. T-794 reduced the duration of immobility in the behavioral despair test at 30 mg/kg without affecting spontaneous motor activity, whereas indeloxazine showed no significant effect. Antidepressant-like activity of T-794 was suggested in rodents with as well as those without cerebral ischemia. The results suggest that T-794 may make an important contribution to the treatment of emotional disturbances following stroke.
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PMID:Possible therapeutic effect of T-794, a novel reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-A, on post-stroke emotional disturbances, assessed in animal models of depression. 914 8

We studied 46 women who had an ultrasound diagnosis of a lethal fetal anomaly (gestational age > or = 24 weeks). Shortly after the diagnosis, 45% of these 46 women showed severe psychological instability established by a consensus diagnosis. Three months later, this percentage had diminished significantly to 22%. The total GHQ-28 score revealed that after 4 years, 11 out of the 29 remaining participants (38%) had a score of 5 or more, which indicated a clinically significant degree of general psychological distress. Depression and despair measured with the Perinatal Grief scale, did not decrease significantly over the 4-year period. Women with a strong disposition towards feelings of inadequacy or 'neuroticism', measured with the Dutch Personality Questionnaire, displayed significantly more intense grief reactions than women without such a strong disposition. The implications of our study are that in the face of (threatened) late pregnancy loss, medical care should include (i) paying attention to the need for medical information and emotional support and (ii) performing psychosocial screening of women identified as showing signs of inadequacy.
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PMID:The grief of late pregnancy loss. 919 3

Effects of pre- and post-natal undernutrition on anxiety and depression paradigms were studied in albino rats. Prenatal undernutrition was induced in rat pups by restricting the dam's daily food during the gestation period whereas postnatal undernutrition in rat pups was induced by rotating them between lactating and non-lactating maternalised females daily for 12 hr during suckling period from 2nd to 18th day after birth. At 2.5 to 3 months of age all the rat pups were subjected to (i) elevated plus maze behaviour, (ii) open-field behaviour, and (iii) swimming induced behavioural despair tests. The results indicate that postnatal undernutrition caused significantly increased anxiety in the elevated plus maze as well as in open-field behaviour tests. Whereas prenatal undernourishment caused lesser degree of anxiogenic behaviours in the elevated plus maze test. Prenatally undernourished rats showed increased anxiety in the open-field behaviour test. Both, pre- and post-natal undernutrition also lead to increased depressive behaviour in the behavioural despair test and postnatal undernourishment caused greater degree of behavioural despair.
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PMID:Behavioural effects of prenatal and postnatal undernutrition in rats. 924 14

The purpose of this study was to examine the process and outcomes of life review therapy provided by an advanced practice geropsychiatric nurse to older adults discharged from psychiatric hospitals to home health care. Eighty older adults over 65 years of age with a primary diagnosis of depression were treated at home for life review psychotherapy sessions (M = 13.24, SD = 8.65). Content analysis methods, both latent and manifest, were used to analyze the data and identify themes. Themes were classified as empowerment (connection, coping, efficacy, hope, and trust) or disempowerment (denial, despair, helpless, isolation, loneliness, and loss). Findings showed that, as a result of the life review therapy, there was a significant decrease (p < .0001) in total disempowerment themes (M1 = 13.07; M2 = 9.14).
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PMID:The process and outcome of life review psychotherapy with depressed homebound older adults. 931

Outbred Sprague-Dawley rats exhibit considerable heterogeneity within a population when evaluated for a variety of biologic functions, such as dietary fat intake, alcohol preference, and expression of anxiety. To understand the neuroendocrine basis for depression and anxiety, we routinely assess outbred rats for behavioral despair (Porsolt's test), anxiety (elevated plus-maze), and urinary excretion of a variety of hormones. In one such study, we observed a significant correlation (r2 = 0.337; n = 30; p < 0.01) between the level of anxiety and the degree of behavioral despair. Within the above population, two distinct subgroups emerged: one with high anxiety and the other with low anxiety. We next evaluated the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), an anxiolytic neurosteroid, on the despair response in the two groups of rats. Treatment of high-anxiety rats with DHEA significantly diminished behavioral despair. In contrast, DHEA did not affect behavioral despair in low-anxiety rats. In conclusion, the results presented here show DHEA to be effective as an antidespair agent in rats with both high anxiety and despair.
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PMID:Dehydroepiandrosterone decreases behavioral despair in high- but not low-anxiety rats. 933 99

While clinical experience has long since shown that there are different types of depression, in particular anxious and hostile depressions, the psychopathological analysis of the various forms remains of current interest. At least four psychopathological models are currently available. The first raises the question of the continuity between reactions to separation, particularly studied in children, and the clinical expression of certain forms of depression in adults. In many aspects, the latter suggest the sequence: protest-despair-detachment. The second model raises the question of the relationship between the depressive disorder and the organization of certain personalities. The considerable comorbidity between the borderline personality and affective disorders suggest that these two different disorders share a common dimension. The third-cultural-model hypothesizes a relationship between the sociocultural prohibition of aggressive responses and the incidence of depression. The fourth model is based on the existence of a specific biological constraint related to abnormalities of serotonin metabolism, to which dysregulation of anxious and aggressive-impulsive behavior patterns during depression are considered related. In conclusion, it may be considered that several models, in particular that of reaction to separation, may, at least in part, account for "positive-expression" depression, but that at least two questions have still to be answered: that regarding the relationships between depression and personality, and that concerning the relationships between the psychopathological constraints related to serotonin metabolism dysfunction and the "positive" expressions.
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PMID:[Anxiety, aggression, agitation and depression: psychopathologic aspects]. 933 60

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is an important mode of therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease. Although techniques and patient survival rates have improved, the psychosocial rehabilitation of Asian CAPD patients has not been studied. The aim of this study is to measure the extent of psychosocial and psychiatric morbidity in a sample of Asian CAPD patients. Patients from the outpatient CAPD facility affiliated with a tertiary care hospital were randomly selected and enrolled in the study. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Psychosocial and psychiatric assessments using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and coping style questionnaires were performed by a trained psychiatrist. The patients' most bother-some symptoms and specific worries were noted. Thirty of 105 stable CAPD patients (mean age 54.2 +/- 14.1 years, M:F 1:2, mean duration on CAPD 22.3 +/- 8.3 months) were studied. Twenty-one patients were married. Twenty-two patients were uneducated, 19 were unemployed, and 9 were homemakers. Based on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scales, 50% of the patients were identified as cases of anxiety and 13% as depression. Although 93% of the patients accepted their illness, 46% of the patients were in a state of despair and hopelessness. Pruritus was the most frequent complaint (40%), followed by dietary restrictions (23%). The main worries were financial in 83% of patients, sexual dysfunction in 73%, and unemployment in 67%. In conclusion, Asian CAPD patients have a high degree of undetected psychosocial and psychiatric morbidity. These issues need to be addressed to provide adequate psychosocial rehabilitation.
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PMID:Psychosocial and psychiatric morbidity in patients on CAPD. 936 Jun 67

The tail suspension test is a behavioural primary screen for detecting potential antidepressant drugs. In this test, a reduction of duration of immobility after treatment with imipramine is obtained in mice of the NMRI strain but not of the CD1 strain. The present experiments evidence important differences between individuals of the latter strain in both the amount of immobility observed in naive mice and the effects of three antidepressants. The reproducibility of the tail suspension-induced behavioural despair was high in individual CD1 male mice and allowed a preselection of spontaneous high and low immobility scorers. Only the high immobility scorers were responsive to imipramine (30 mg/kg), desipramine (30 mg/kg) and paroxetine (10 mg/kg). The percentage of spontaneous high immobility scorers was higher in NMRI (50%) than in CD1 (20%) mice, justifying the use of the former strain for screening potential antidepressants. However, controlling for individual differences in the spontaneous performance in this animal model of depression may provide a useful tool to study behavioural, neurochemical and neuroendocrine correlates of antidepressant action.
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PMID:Individual differences in response to imipramine in the mouse tail suspension test. 945 81


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