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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Presented are follow-up results on coping with spontaneous abortion. Although the majority of women feel that this is a significant negative life event, their grief gradually decreases within 7 to 13 months. Compared to population standards they are neither depressed nor do they suffer from increased physical complaints. A subgroup of women is identified with chronic ("pathological") grief based on increased or rising levels of grief (PGS), depression (SCL-90) and physical complaints (BL). Independently from a following pregnancy these women (about 20%) report a high importance of their abortion, painful feelings in seeing pregnant women and babies and fears of another abortion even after 13 months. Scores immediately after the abortion permit a good discrimination of patients with chronic grief and uncomplicated course: Patients who later develop chronic grief report a high level of negative feelings during the pregnancy leading to the loss, extensive preparations for the expected baby, an unsettled vocational and family situation and intensive strains and despair immediately thereafter. Conditions and ways of grieving with this specific loss are discussed.
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PMID:[Chronic grief after spontaneous abortion: results of a longitudinal study after 13 months]. 814 59

Totally 20 cases of mental depression were treated by needling extrachannel points with an effective rate of 90%; comparison of these cases with 21 controls treated with amitriptyline, showed no significant difference in effect (P > 0.05). Measured with Hamilton's scale, factors of anxiety somatization, cognitive disturbance, retardation, sleep disturbance and feeling of despair in both the needling and control groups showed obvious decrease in the mean value, and the change in anxiety somatization was markedly significant in the needling group as compared with that in the controls (P < 0.01). Our studies revealed that after 6 weeks of needling the power of slow wave delta decreased while that of the fast wave alpha increased, all significantly different as compared with that before and during the treatment (P < 0.05).
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PMID:Clinical observation on needling extrachannel points in treating mental depression. 819 10

Exposure of rate to the behavioral despair test (an animal model of depression) for 40 min resulted in a long-lasting depletion of mesolimbic dopamine output to about 40% of baseline values. The decrease in extracellular dopamine was partially prevented by chronic pretreatment with imipramine (20 mg/kg per day i.p. for 21 days). The results suggest that a fall in mesolimbic dopamine output may be associated with depressive states and indicate that changes in the functional status of the dopamine system contribute to the mechanism of action of imipramine.
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PMID:Depletion of mesolimbic dopamine during behavioral despair: partial reversal by chronic imipramine. 828 97

The grief response of parents following loss of an infant from a multiple gestation pregnancy was explored to describe the experience, compare and contrast mother's and father's responses, and analyze the properties of the Perinatal Grief Scale. Twenty-seven parents participated. Parental responses were complex and variable. Most parents disagreed with experiencing difficulty coping and despair. Confrontive, self reliant, and supportant coping strategies were used most frequently, while supportant, confrontive and optimistic strategies were reported the most effective. Anxiety, depression and alterations in activities of daily living were reported. The total impact of life events was slightly positive for this group. Although the instruments were reliable in this population of parents, sensitivity was reduced. A model of grief associated with multiple gestation perinatal loss was generated. Selection and effectiveness of coping strategies appear to be not only interrelated, but dependent on the time since the infants death and the length of the infants life. The length of an infant's life and time since death were affirmed as related to both the strength and type of relationship between variables associated with the grief response and to use and effectiveness of coping strategies. Responses of mothers and fathers appear to be similar.
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PMID:Perinatal grief: response to the loss of an infant. 835 Aug 46

There is a scarcity of information available with respect to postbereavement outcomes for survivors of the suicide of a loved one. Few studies have focused on postvention therapies for the bereaved, particularly the bereaved survivors of suicide. The major aim of this study as to compare the effects of two theoretically derived nursing postventions, Bereavement Group Postvention (BGP) and Social Group Postvention (SGP), among the widowed whose spouses died of suicide. The findings suggest that both groups experienced an overall reduction in depression and distress. Although participants in the SGP generally showed significant improvement in social adjustment, they tended to be less well adjusted with respect to their parental roles at the end of the 8-week postvention sessions. Comparison of the psychoemotional correlates of grief varied such that there were no significant differences between the postvention groups for social isolation, loss of control, somatization, or death anxiety. The BGP participants experienced significantly reduced levels of anger/hostility and guilt; however, feelings of anger/hostility actually increased for those receiving the SGP. There was a significant reduction in feelings of despair, rumination, and depersonalization for both groups. Although social isolation was not significantly reduced for participants in either group, those receiving the BGP tended to experience a reduction in social isolation and those receiving the SGP showed no changes.
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PMID:Nursing postvention for spousal survivors of suicide. 870 34

Cyclic vomiting (CV) presents a crisis not only to the identified patient but also to the entire family, who often feel like helpless victims of the effects of the vomiting cycles. This often creates despair, depression, and anger about the vomiting continuing indefinitely. If the child can be given effective medication and the family can be helped with the emotional burden surrounding the illness, the frequency and severity of CV tends to diminish. This article explores ways of lessening the psychologic and social effects of the cyclical vomiting through a multidisciplinary treatment plan for the family that involves the pediatrician, school, psychotherapist, and family as effective therapeutic agents. The child needs to be helped to express feelings which he or she cannot put into words. The article describes dramatic play involving symbolization of the illness, creation of metaphors in stories and drawings for the dilemmas surrounding CV and family therapy in which unnamed stresses are given consideration. Through this treatment, health and hope are promoted within each family member.
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PMID:Psychophysiologic treatment of cyclic vomiting. 870 65

In the introduction to this report our committee, with its focus on adolescent development, expressed its concern that adolescent suicidal behavior represented a grave crisis in the adolescent, a crisis not only in the development of the adolescent but one that endangers the existence of the adolescent. The possibility of a fatal outcome is abhorrent to us as physicians and psychiatrists, as it is to all those entrusted with the care and development of our fellow human beings. Consequently, we explored the ways in which developmental and other forces lead to adolescent suicide and the measures that can be taken to prevent it. We first considered the historical and cross-cultural aspects of suicidal behaviors. Societal and cultural stresses arise from parental attitudes, beliefs, expectations, and childrearing practices that evolve from the social and economic needs in each culture. If unbalanced by growth-sustaining supports, they may compromise or constrict the existential adaptive ability of the developing adolescent and place the adolescent at risk for suicide. Research into vulnerability in adolescence has revealed gender, ethnic, and geographic differences in the dimension of the problem and has indicated the social, psychological, and biological conditions that increase the likelihood that adolescents will resort to suicidal behaviors. Research is still needed to distinguish those adolescents who commit suicide from those adolescents with similar conditions who do not. Research has only begun to explore the ways in which the interaction of specific individual dynamics, precipitating events, and personal characteristics result in an adolescent's attempt of suicide. We discussed the strengths that adolescents acquire, but we emphasized the weaknesses that ensue as adolescents are faced with the impact of the thrust of their own biological, psychological, and social development with the forces inherent in their cultures. Adolescents progress through this period in their lives with varying and varied attempts to master, or cope with, the inevitable change in their existential status. Some try but fail and some fail to try, with resulting despair that can lead those adolescents to believe that suicide is the only choice they have to end their suffering. We described how psychodynamics can influence motivation, relationships, and behaviors, and how these may contribute to an outcome of suicide. Existing psychopathological conditions contribute. These include anxiety, dysthymia, posttraumatic stress disorders, acute reactive disorders, major affective disorders, severe conduct disorders, and psychotic disorders. We considered the possible lethal interplay between psychodynamic and psychopathological factors. This led to the crux of this report, a full discussion of prevention and treatment. The first and most important aspect of suicide prevention is early recognition of the adolescent at risk. It is of high priority to detect and treat those psychiatric disorders accompanied by greatest suicidal risk; depression, conduct disorders, substance abuse disorders, borderline conditions, and schizoaffective disorders. With all adolescents, threats of suicide must be taken seriously. There should be an immediate, complete psychiatric workup preferably before specific treatment begins. If crisis intervention must precede diagnostic study, the workup should not be delayed longer than necessary. Education of health care professionals, educators, families, and peers about warning signs can emphasize early intervention and thereby enable a skilled psychiatrist to assess suicidal thoughts, plans, means, and previous attempts, past and current life stresses, and available family and environmental support. All of this information will lead to a decision regarding hospitalization and treatment for the adolescent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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PMID:Adolescent suicide. 872 Dec 88

This paper describes the construction, refinement and implementation of a self-administered measure of personal hopefulness, the Hunter Opinions and Personal Expectations Scale (HOPES). Initial state and trait versions of the HOPES instrument were utilized in three separate studies, comprising a medical student sample (N = 211), an adolescent male sample (N = 280) and a psychiatric hospital staff sample (N = 318). A revised 20-item, two factor, trait version of the scale was then utilized in a prospective, longitudinal investigation (N = 753) of the psychosocial sequelae of the earthquake which struck Newcastle (Australia) in December, 1989. Data from all four studies provide strong support for the HOPES instrument's construct, concurrent and predictive validity. Global personal hopefulness (GPH) was shown to be an enduring characteristic of individuals, with a test-retest correlation of r = + 0.71 (over 64 weeks). The association between GPH and trait anxiety (r = -0.64) raised the possibility of redefining anxiety as hope under threat. The hope subscale (HS) and the despair subscale (DS) were moderately negatively correlated (r = -0.32), suggesting that hope and despair are not simply polar opposites. There were no gender differences in GPH scores, however, there were relatively clear age effects, with those aged 70 years and over reporting the lowest levels of personal hopefulness. GPH was negatively correlated with post-earthquake scores on the General Health Questionnaire (r = -0.33), the Impact of Event Scale (r = -0.33), the Beck Depression Inventory (r = -0.54) and the global symptom index from the SCL-90-R (r = -0.43). Overall, the contribution made by personal hopefulness to post-earthquake morbidity was equal to the contributions made by initial exposure to disruption and threat experiences.
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PMID:The construction and characteristics of an instrument to measure personal hopefulness. 873 12

A 47-year-old man is described whose fetish of fecal smearing, coprophilia, escalated to coprophagia in a setting of depression and alcohol abuse. The case is the first described in a nonpsychotic adult of normal intelligence. Treatment focused upon the depression and substance abuse as well as on the psychodynamic issues that fostered his despair and allowed the fetish to evolve into coprophagia.
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PMID:Escalation of a fetish: coprophagia in a nonpsychotic adult of normal intelligence. 878 9

Personal hopefulness, along with the perceived future, has been overlooked by psychiatry until relatively recently. There are cogent reasons why psychiatry should not ignore developments in relation to hope. Concepts related to hope are examined to delineate the components of the perceived future. Hope is defined in terms of its elements, its objects, its subject, its phenomenology and its relationship to despair and reality. The contribution of hope to our understanding of psychiatric and medical disorder and recovery from mental illness are also considered, with special reference to existing notions of depression and anxiety. Institutionalization is characterized as a disorder of personal hopefulness. Implications for potential shifts in current theoretical formulation and practice are anticipated. In particular, a critique of the learned helplessness/optimism formulation is outlined.
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PMID:Personal hopefulness: a conceptual review of the relevance of the perceived future to psychiatry. 888 75


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