Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A heightened response to the muscarinic effects of acetylcholine appears to be involved in many of the symptoms associated with affective disorders. We have developed an animal model for cholinergic supersensitivity to study this involvement in more detail. Our findings on cholinergic supersensitivity and on behavioral despair in this model, the WAGxDA F1 hybrid, are reported here. Female WAGxDA rats show a heightened response to muscarinic agonist in a temperature depression test (TDT) and both males and females show an increased level of inherent despair in a Porsolt swim test; however, this cholinergic supersensitivity does not appear to be based on an increased density or affinity of cholinergic receptors. Other possible mechanisms are discussed.
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PMID:The WAGxDA rat: an animal model of cholinergic supersensitivity. 754 62

Psychosocial assessment and treatment are critical elements of care for terminally ill patients who desire hastened death. Most patients, in saying that they want to die, are asking for assistance in living--for help in dealing with depression, anxiety about the future, grief, lack of control, dependence, physical suffering, and spiritual despair. In this article, the authors review current understandings of the psychiatric aspects of requests by terminally ill patients for assisted suicide and euthanasia; describe an approach to the common problems of physical, psychological, social, and spiritual suffering encountered in managing dying patients; and elaborate the functions of the psychiatrist in addressing these problems.
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PMID:Patient requests for euthanasia and assisted suicide in terminal illness. The role of the psychiatrist. 756 52

Dynamics of appearance and maintenance of emotional-behavioural disorders in male Wistar rats was studied on and after repeated neurotoxin MPTP injection at a dose of 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally daily for 18 days MPTP caused suppression of locomotion and rearing in open field test, decrease of daily liquid consumption and lowering of preference for the sucrose over water, increase of immobility time and depression index simultaneously with disadaptation in forced swimming test. Behavioural alterations were maintained for not less than a week after abolition of MPTP injection. Data improved the appearance and development of the state of decreased motivation simultaneously with anhedonia and behavioural despair in rats in response to MPTP injection. The state can be considered as a new model of DA-depended depression-like syndrome in rats.
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PMID:[A new model of an experimental depressive syndrome in rats induced by the systemic administration to the animals of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine]. 759 34

We compared the effect of two selective dopamine D1 receptor agonists, SKF 38393 ((+/-)-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(1H)-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol.HCl) and A68930 ((1R,3S)-1-aminomethyl-5,6-dihydroxy-3-phenylisochroman.HCl), and that of imipramine in the behavioural despair model of depression. The dopamine D1 receptor agonists and imipramine showed an anti-immobility effect. Moreover we found that the 'antidepressant' effect of imipramine in the behavioural despair test was antagonized by SCH 23390, a selective dopamine D1 receptor blocker. The results further support the hypothesis that dopamine D1 receptor stimulation plays an important role in the mechanism of action of antidepressants and suggest that dopamine D1 receptor agonists might be considered as potential antidepressant drugs.
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PMID:Antidepressant-like effect of selective dopamine D1 receptor agonists in the behavioural despair animal model of depression. 781 61

The classical biochemical hypothesis of depression posits a functional deficit in central neurotransmitter systems particularly serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline. The major role suggested for 5-HT in this theory led to the development of a large number of compounds which selectively inhibit 5-HT uptake. Numerous clinical trials have demonstrated the antidepressant efficacy of such types of serotoninergic agents, supporting 5-HT deficit as the main origin of depression. Therefore, everything seemed clear: depression was caused by 5-HT deficit. Tianeptine is clearly active in classical animal models predictive of antidepressant activity, and is also active in behavioral screening tests: it antagonizes isolation induced aggression in mice and behavioral despair in rats. Biochemical studies have revealed that in contrast to classical tricyclic antidepressant, tianeptine stimulates 5-HT uptake in vivo in the rat brain. This somewhat surprising property was observed in the cortex and the hippocampus following both acute and chronic administrations. This increase in 5-HT uptake has also been confirmed in rat platelets after acute and chronic administrations. Moreover, in humans, a study in depressed patients demonstrated that tianeptine significantly increased platelet 5-HT uptake after a single administration as well as after 10 and 28 days of treatment. The antidepressant activity of tianeptine has been evaluated in controlled studies versus reference antidepressants. Another study aiming to compare the antidepressant efficacy of tianeptine versus placebo and versus imiporamine is presented. 186 depressed patients were included in this trial. They presented with either Major Depression, single episode (24.6%) or Major Depression recurrent (66.8%) or Bipolar Disorder (depressed) (8.6%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Can a serotonin uptake agonist be an authentic antidepressant? Results of a multicenter, multinational therapeutic trial]. 782 15

Three 27-month-old infant gorillas living with their mothers and a silverbacked male were separated to a cage for 24 weeks. The infants initially showed threat responses and increased locomotion, characteristic of the protest stage of anaclitic depression in children. Within several days, these were replaced by dorso-ventral contact among the infants as well as self-holding and fetal positioning. Additionally, social and solitary play and object examination occurred at lower levels through separation than in the pre-separation condition. These changes were characteristic of the despair stage of separation. There was a substantial recovery of many infant nonsocial and social behaviors in the later months of the separation. Upon reunion, the infants did not immediately engage in attachment behaviors with their mothers, and spent more time in contact with each other than with their mothers for the first several days, indicating detachment. Following this, there was an increase in mother-infant attachment behaviors.
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PMID:Separation and depression in infant gorillas. 784 98

The effect of the 5-HT1A agonist SR 57746A (1-[2-(naphth-2-yl) ethyl]-4-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl))-1,2,5,6 tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride), was evaluated in a variety of psychopharmacological tests in rodents. In the approach-avoidance conflict test in rats, orally administered SR 57746A significantly increased punished responding at doses as low as 3 mg/kg, while unpunished responding was only reduced at 30 mg/kg. SR 57746A was active for at least 4 hours in this test. SR 57746A significantly antagonised the lithium-induced taste aversion in rats at doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg po. In staircase test in mice, SR 57746A reduced rearing at doses which did not reduce the number of steps climbed. In the two-compartment exploratory model in mice, SR 57746A increased the latency to the first entry into the dark compartment (at 2 to 8 mg/kg po), and reduced the time spent in the dark compartment (at 8 mg/kg po), but had no effect on the total number of transitions. SR 57746A potently reduced aggressive behaviour in isolated mice, the dose of 1 mg/kg po produced over 80% inhibition of fighting in this test. SR 57746A was also active in the behavioural despair test of depression in mice and rats, and reversed learned helpless behaviour in rats. SR 57746A was also active in the behavioural despair test of depression in mice and rats, and reversed learned helpless behaviour in rats. SR 57746A dose-dependently generalised to the cue produced by 8-OH-DPAT in rats, but produced only a very weak serotonergic syndrome. Like 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone, SR 57746A reduced body temperature in mice, but only at a high dose (10 mg/kg po). SR 57746A reversed haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats with an ED50 of 3.85 mg/kg po, but was unable to antagonise the stereotypy induced by apomorphine in this species. SR 57746A was inactive or only very weakly active in a series of tests typical of benzodiazepine-like activity, including antagonism of pentetrazol-induced seizures, reduction of muscle tone and locomotor activity, impairment of motor co-ordination, and potentiation of the effects of centrally-acting sedative-hypnotics. SR 57746A was also inactive as an analgesic in the PBQ writhing test. Thus, SR 57746A is active in a number of tests indicative of 5-HT1A receptor stimulation in vivo, and, more particularly, in a number of tests predictive of anxiolytic, anti-aggressive and antidepressant activities. SR 57746A is as potent as diazepam in anxiolytic tests, and more potent than imipramine in antidepressant tests, whereas it is devoid of neuroleptic potential. In view of this profile of activity, SR 57746A merits evaluation as a potential anxiolytic and antidepressant in humans.
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PMID:Neuropsychopharmacological profile in rodents of SR 57746A, a new, potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist. 790 76

The anxiolytic, antidepressant and anti-aggression activities of Mentat were investigated in rats and mice, using standard behavioural paradigms. Single acute administration of Mentat, up to a dose of 200 mg/kg, ip, induced insignificant behavioural effects on the test parameters. However, when Mentat was administered subchronically for 7 days at two dose levels (50 and 100 mg/kg, intragastrically), the drug induced dose-related behavioural effects. Thus, it exhibited anxiolytic effect, as assessed by paradigms like the open-field test and elevated plus-maze tests in mice, and the social interaction test and Vogel's drink conflict test in rats. Furthermore, Mentat attenuated the increase in rat brain tribulin, a putative endocoid marker of anxiety, levels induced by pentylenetetrazole (20 mg/kg, sc), a known anxiogenic agent. Mentat attenuated footshock-induced aggressive behaviour in paired rats but failed to affect clonidine-induced automutilative behaviour. The observed aggression-attenuating effect of Mentat may be related to its anxiolytic activity. Mentat exhibited significant antidepressant effect as indicated by its ability to reduce swim stress induced immobility in Porsolt's behavioural despair test, reduction in escape failures concomitant with an increase in avoidance response in the learned helplessness test, and attenuation of muricidal behaviour, in rats. The observed behavioural effects are consonant with the reported clinical utility of Mentat as an adjuvant in the treatment of anxiety and depression.
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PMID:Behavioural studies on BR-16A (Mentat), a herbal psychotropic formulation. 804 3

86 patients with spontaneous abortion were interviewed and followed up in a longitudinal study with an interview and standardised questionnaires shortly after the D&C at 7, 13 and 24 months later. Our results indicate profound and long-term adverse psychological sequelae. For most of the patients, a spontaneous abortion was considered to be of major importance. Without regard to the gestational age or ultrasonographic image, the embryo is represented early in fantasies and dreams as a child. The severity of grief reactions following abortion did not correlate well with gestational age or a new pregnancy. Mourning is still present 24 months after the abortion. While grief decreases continuously during the first 7 months following abortion, despair remains constant and self-reproachful coping shows even a statistically significant increase between months 13 and 24. The reason is, because 20% of patients develop a pathological grief reaction with an increase in depression, self-reproachful coping and physical complaints. This risk group of patients, who needs closer and more detailed observation and guidance, may be recognised as early as at the time of abortion.
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PMID:[Long-term psychological sequelae of spontaneous abortion: do medical management, recent pregnancy and delivery really help in coping with grief?]. 808 91

Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, as compared to several other rat strains, are hypoactive in the open field test and in the defensive burying test. WKY rats readily acquire a learned helplessness task as well as a passive avoidance tasks. WKY rats also reveal a greater susceptibility to restraint-induced stress ulcer. The behavioral tests suggest the presence of depressive behavior in WKY rats. When exposed to the Porsolt forced-swim test of 'behavioral despair', WKY rats are judged as exhibiting more depressive behavior. Desipramine not only reduced immobility in the forced-swim test, but also diminished the severity of restraint-induced stress ulcer. These data suggested a heightened activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Basal plasma ACTH levels did not differ between WKY rats and Wistar rats, but serial plasma ACTH response to restraint stress was significantly greater for WKY rats. These data suggest that depressive behavior is a characteristic of WKY rats and this strain is a valuable model for studying depression which may be induced by an exaggerated stress response.
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PMID:Depressive behavior and stress ulcer in Wistar Kyoto rats. 813 89


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