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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although animal models cannot replicate human psychopathology in every detail, they should properly be conceived as experimental systems in which selected and specific questions can be investigated in ways impossible to do in humans. In considering the general kinds of animal models, distinctions must be drawn among those designed to simulate specific signs or symptoms, those designed to test a specific etiological theory, those designed to study underlying behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms, and those whose principal purpose is to permit pre-clinical drug evaluation. If, for example, drug evaluation is the first concern, the empirical validity of the model in predicting the therapeutic efficacy of drugs is primary, whereas the mechanisms responsible for inducing the syndrome, and behavioral similarity issues become secondary. The available models of depression are reviewed in the light of their specific advantages and limitations, including those induced pharmacologically, maternal and peer separation, learned helplessness, chronic stress, changes in dominance hierarchy, intra-cranial self-stimulation, conditioned motionlessness and behavioral despair models. Since multiple variables are involved in the etiology of depressions, animal models offer the possibility of evaluating their main effects and interactions in a controlled prospective manner. While caution is required in cross-species reasoning, there are nevertheless guidelines, and the continuing development of a comparative approach in Psychiatry has great potential.
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PMID:Animal models of depression: an overview. 648 50

Having survived to reach their senior years is testimony to the individual emotional and physical ruggedness of aged black men and women. Surprisingly, of the 24 million elderly Americans alive today, 8 percent are black. The coping styles that led to their survival have antecedents in youth. Consequently, the measure of strength of aged blacks can be judged only within the framework of their whole lives. Anxiety, depression, and despair are frequent findings that demand greater diagnostic acumen and selective treatment.
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PMID:Psychosocial aspects of aging: the black elderly. 671 1

In humans, alcoholism and depression are often interrelated. This study examines the effects of alcohol on peer separation-induced despair in rhesus monkeys, a proposed nonhuman primate model of depression. Alcohol, at three different dose levels, or placebo was administered to rhesus monkeys undergoing repeated peer separation. Low-dose alcohol (1 g/kg/day) decreased separation-induced despair, whereas high-dose alcohol (3 g/kg/day) exacerbated the despair response as compared to placebo. This biphasic effect of alcohol on the despair response may be analogous to similar effects of alcohol on depression in humans.
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PMID:Effects of alcohol on the despair response to peer separation in rhesus monkeys. 678 48

Minaprine (3-[2-morpholino-ethlamino]-4-methyl-6-phenyl-pyridazine dihydrochloride; 30038CM; trade name in France: Cantor) is a new psychotropic drug. The therapeutic profile of minaprine differs from that of other known psychotropic agents; in man the drug antagonizes the "inhibitory syndrome" characterized by decreased spontaneous activity, reduction in basic drives, slowed thoughts, feelings of tiredness and social withdrawal. Preliminary clinical trials have indicated that minaprine may also be effective in certain depressive states. This finding prompted us to study the effects of minaprine in animal models for depression. Like most antidepressants minaprine antagonizes behavioral despair, but the effect exhibits a slow onset and maximal activity is reached 24 h after administration. Minaprine also antagonizes reserpine-induced ptosis, this effect has a rapid onset, and is long-lasting. In contrast, minaprine poorly antagonizes reserpine-induced hypothermia. Unlike most antidepressants minaprine does not potentiate yohimbine-induced lethality. Minaprine potently antagonizes prochlorperazine-induced catalepsy in rats and potentiates amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior, suggesting that the drug may enhance dopaminergic transmission. Finally, minaprine does not antagonize either oxotremorine-induced tremors or physiostigmine-induced lethality. Taken together the results of the present study indicate that minaprine is active on certain, but not all, animal models for depression and suggest the drug may have a potential clinical utility in the treatment of human depressions.
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PMID:Pharmacological evaluation of minaprine dihydrochloride, a new psychotropic drug. 689 Mar 59

"Nerves" represents a common complaint among individuals from Appalachia. It appears to be a conglomerate term to encompass chronic anxiety without panic, mild depression without despair, neurasthenia without malaise, a smattering hypochondriasis and a surfeit of illness behavior, all superimposed on passive, dependent individuals with borderline normal intelligence and exposed to profound sociocultural deprivation. Definitive treatment of this disorder entails major changes or modifications in almost every aspect of their lives, including family structure, education, vocational training, and basic value systems. This may eliminate "nerves" but will not prevent the development of the more conventional psychiatric disorders to which more educated, middle-class individuals are vulnerable.
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PMID:"Nerves": a sociomedical diagnosis ... of sorts. 714 84

Phenylethylamine (PEA), 10, 50 and 100 microgram/rat ivc depressed the spontaneous and explorative motor activities, did not affect the body temperature and potentiated the action of hypnotics. The PEA-induced depression of motor activity was antagonized by spiperone, phenoxybenzamine, propranolol and, slightly, by alpha-MT. In rats with total chemical destruction of catecholamine neurons and in rats with selective lesion of dopamine neurons, PEA increased motor activity. Similar effect was observed after administration of reserpine, reserpine together with 6-hydroxydopamine and yohimbine. PEA potentiated the amphetamine and apomorphine stereotypy but inhibited amphetamine hypermotility: in the latter experiment slight periodical stereotyped head movements were observed. PEA did not affect haloperidol and fluphenazine induced catalepsy. It did not change the immobility period in the behavioral despair test. In doses of 0 . 1, 1 and 10 mg/kg iv it potentiated flexor reflex of the hind paw of the spinal rat. Phentolamine (10 mg/kg iv) and propranolol (5 mg/kg iv) slightly potentiated the stimulatory effect of PEA. In doses of 50 and 100 microgram ivc PEA did not affect the level and utilization of noradrenaline, and did not change the level of dopamine but depressed its utilization in the cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus.
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PMID:Central action of phenylethylamine in rats. 719 39

Several shared symptoms are evident among the subjects described here. First of all, each subject complained of feelings of depression, consistently and frequently. In other words, in each case, the subject described him/herself as "being depressed." The detailed examination of the case notes kept by the counselors who treated these individuals indicates a more specific symptomology associated with their depression. On a more specific level, each of the subjects expressed feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, despair, and self-destruction. In at least two of the cases, self-destructive feelings were translated into potentially suicidal actions. In addition, each of the three subjects experienced pronounced mood swings. Alternating between periods of deep depression (associated with stagnant or regressive behavior) and periods of relative optimism when at least temporary progress in therapy was evident. During these apparent periods of improvement, the subjects often related major plans of action intended to improve their lot, including new jobs, furthering their education, withdrawing entirely from drug use, patching up marital and family disorder, etc. In each case before these major improvements could be initiated, the subjects would relapse into depressed states and their plans would dissolve like so many fantasies. These cyclical mood swings and their accompanying polar manifestations would seem, superficially, indicative of a type of manic-depressive illness. It should be noted, however, that at no time did any of the subjects undergo thorough psychological testing. Such testing is planned for Subject B, who remains in treatment at this time. Each subject complained of experiencing acute anxiety attacks during his periods of depression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Darvon dependence: three case studies. 722 89

Since 20 years more and more foreign workers are employed in the Federal Republic of Germany. In view of the innumerable so far unsolved social problems like for example housing and school problems the ambition to have many children seems to be paradox at first glance. In the home country of the men the children are in important factor of protection concerning age and illness. If these people don't succeed in getting a child of their own, they react with despair and depression. The ability of the man to guarantee the subsequent existence depends among others from the number of children he generates and this is at the same time an important way of documenting his virility. And in addition to that it may be assumed that the relations mentioned above will be enforced by religious norms.
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PMID:[Andrological problems with foreign workers (author's transl)]. 728 63

In the whirl of the holiday season, the maintenance of normal mood is no mean task. Demoralization and despair are no paradox, no mystery, no fashionable topic. Nevertheless, they are also not depression, not a disorder, not a disease, but a predictable, genuine human reaction to an annual social ritual.
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PMID:Holiday depression, both fact and fiction. 743 14

The activity of tianeptine (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg twice daily, i.p.) and of sertraline (5.0 mg/kg, twice daily, i.p.) were assessed in three animal models of depression. In the Behavioural Despair Test, acute treatment with sertraline or tianeptine (5.0 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time. In the olfactory bulbectomized (OB) rat model, chronic treatment with tianeptine (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) or sertraline (5.0 mg/kg) antagonized the lesion-induced hyperactivity in the "open field" apparatus. The hypothermic response to the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT, 0.15 mg/kg, s.c.) was significantly attenuated after chronic setraline treatment, whereas tianeptine was inactive at the 2 doses tested. Neither drug affected the hypersection of corticosterone that occurs at the light:dark interface. A reduction in the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA was found in the hypothalamus of sertraline-treated sham rats. It can be concluded that although the neurochemical properties of sertraline and tianeptine differ, they demonstrate similar antidepressant-like activities in the Behavioural Despair and OB rat models. The lack of effect of tianeptine on the 8-OH-DPAT-induced hypothermic effect indicates that it does not induce 5-HT1A subsensitivity, contrary to most antidepressants.
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PMID:The effect of tianeptine and sertraline in three animal models of depression. 753


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