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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rats were subjected to a 15-min inescapable swim in a procedure which induces "behavioral despair" (immobility) 24 hr later. Their thresholds for brain stimulation reward were measured six times over the subsequent two weeks. Under one condition thresholds were first determined 3 hr postswim and, under a second condition, 24 hr postswim. Rats tested in the 3-hr condition showed elevated thresholds compared to preswim baselines. Elevations remained significant for six days. Thresholds for rats in the 24-hr condition did not change. Results are discussed in terms of a) the lack of correspondence between behavioral despair and brain stimulation reward models of depression, b) possible mechanisms for the 3-hr condition effect, and c) the significance of long-term changes in brain reward substrates.
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PMID:Effects of a single inescapable swim on long-term brain stimulation reward thresholds. 225 22

The effect of two calcium channel inhibitors, diltiazem and nifedipine in animal models of depression: a) behavioral despair test and b) behavioral deficit produced by uncontrollable footshock was investigated. Additionally, the influence of both drugs on mouse killing (muricide) behavior induced by chronic isolation was studied. Both drugs given in single doses increased the active behavior of rats in behavioral despair test. Nifedipine but not diltiazem was partially effective in the test when administered chronically (14 days). Both drugs also attenuated stress-induced behavioral depression in the open field and forced swim test. Diltiazem was markedly more active in the former whereas nifedipine in the latter test. Neither compound influenced killing behavior in muricidal rats. Our data support the notion that calcium channel inhibitors may possess antidepressant activity, although there appear to exist certain differences in their scope of action depending on the model applied.
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PMID:Activity of diltiazem and nifedipine in some animal models of depression. 227 70

Behavioral and biochemical effects of repeated immobilization stress were determined in male Wistar rats. The influence of acute or repeated administration of antidepressant drugs on these effects of stress were also evaluated. It was found that repeated stress (immobilization 3 h/2 degrees C/4 days or various stressors/8 days) reduced basal locomotor activity of rats and prolonged immobility time in Porsolt's despair test. Antidepressant drugs (desmethylimipramine, imipramine, amitriptyline, clomipramine, mianserine), given acutely, restored basal locomotor activity of stressed rats to control level. Desmethylimipramine, imipramine and amitriptyline reduced immobility time in Porsolt's test similarly in control as in stressed rats. However clomipramine, mianserine and trazodone were effective in this test only in stressed rats. Imipramine given for 4 or 8 days (1 h before the stressor) normalized basal locomotor activity. Repeated (for 8 days) various stressors decelerated utilization of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) in the brain. Imipramine given once a day for 8 days (1 h before the stressor) normalized brain utilization of catecholamines (CA). It was proposed that depression of basal motility and reduction of CA utilization in the brain induced by repeated stress may be counter acted by antidepressant drugs.
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PMID:Stress-induced depression of basal motility: effects of antidepressant drugs. 227 76

1. Immobility in the forced swim test ("behavioral despair test") has often been regarded as an animal model of despair or depression. 2. Behavioral studies of forced swimming ("behavioral despair") are reviewed and compared with certain behavioral effects of exposure to inescapable shock (i.e., "learned helplessness"). 3. Exposure to inescapable shock clearly impairs subsequent coping responses. However, detailed behavioral studies of forced swimming indicate that immobility during forced swimming is not a failure of coping but instead reflects a relatively successful coping strategy that employs energy conserving behaviors. 4. Certain neurobiological studies of forced swimming are reinterpreted in light of the behavioral evidence that immobility during forced swimming reflects effects of learning and memory rather than effects of despair or depression. 5. Some implications for future neurobehavioral studies of forced swimming and uncontrollable shock are discussed.
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PMID:Neurobehavioral studies of forced swimming: the role of learning and memory in the forced swim test. 227 51

A 17-item true-false Death Depression Scale with good internal consistency and face validity was constructed and found to have six factors--death despair, death loneliness, death dread, death sadness, death depression, and death finality. It correlated positively with death anxiety, general depression, and general anxiety. Feasibility of a Likert format was explored.
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PMID:The measurement of death depression. 228 79

This paper discusses the definition of apathy, reviews its differential diagnosis, and proposes a classification for the conditions that may produce it. Apathy is defined as diminished motivation not attributable to diminished level of consciousness, cognitive impairment, or emotional distress. In its differential diagnosis, abulia, akinesia and akinetic mutism, depression, dementia, delirium, despair, and demoralization must be ruled out. Classification of apathy is organized in terms of its adaptive and functional consequences, its relationship to personality or to sociocultural or environmental events, and its association with psychiatric, neurological, and medical disorders. An approach to assessment and treatment is proposed.
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PMID:Differential diagnosis and classification of apathy. 240 72

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and Wistar rats were exposed to Porsolt's forced-swimming test of "behavioral despair." In addition to floating time, which was the measure of despair, headshakes, bobbing, diving and struggling time were also recorded. Rats were subsequently exposed to the activity stress (A-S) ulcer procedure. Wistar rats had the highest struggling time scores and the fewest A-S ulcers. WKY rats were judged as more depressed and their ulcer severity scores were significantly greater as compared to SHR and Wistar rats. In addition, a within strains analysis revealed that WKY rats with high despair scores also had the most severe stress-ulcer scores. These data suggested that stress-ulcer disease may be more prevalent in animals which are prone to depression as defined by the Porsolt test. The value of WKY rats as an animal model to study the relationship between depression and stress ulcer is discussed.
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PMID:"Behavioral despair" test predicts stress ulcer in WKY rats. 262 74

The study traces the genesis of existential despair and empty depression in personality disordered individuals to the impact of a premature definition of the self in terms of an other-centered referent. Three aspects of identity are discussed: self identity, role identity, and existential identity. Their respective potential contribution to self-integration is examined.
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PMID:Transformations of identity: referent location, agency, and levels of integration in the progress from potential self to existential identity. 263 32

The serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonists buspirone and gepirone have effects on serotonergic systems, including presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors, that predict both anxiolytic and antidepressant activity. Chronic administration of both drugs produces a down-regulation of 5-HT2 receptors, a finding common to most antidepressant drugs irrespective of mechanism of action. In addition, gepirone induces a full-blown serotonin syndrome in rodents and is active in the behavioral despair test mediated by an action on serotonergic neurons. Buspirone is active in this paradigm when injected directly into the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus. The therapeutic effects of both buspirone and gepirone have been assessed in placebo-controlled studies of patients with major depression. Findings in these studies support antidepressant efficacy in addition to anxiolysis. In double-blind studies of patients with major depression treated for 8 weeks, each drug was found to be superior to placebo in improvement in Hamilton Depression and Anxiety total scores as well as individual depressive symptoms. These clinical findings are consistent with preclinical pharmacology suggesting that 5-HT1A partial agonists may possess intrinsic antidepressant activity.
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PMID:Serotonergic anxiolytics and treatment of depression. 265 37

Experimental animal models have been introduced to study aspects of psychiatric symptoms of depression and anxiety; however, there is no comprehensive animal model for these conditions. The models introduced may simulate certain symptoms (despair), be used to evaluate behavioral theories (cognitive theory of learned helplessness), allow study of underlying neurochemical mechanisms (CSF metabolites, genetic, neurotransmitter model), be used to evaluate developmental issues, and lead to finding new treatments through preclinical pharmacologic trials. A variety of models are needed, as each one attempts to deal with a particular aspect of a syndrome. Pharmacologic models, the model of uncontrollability, separation models, and genetic approaches have been summarized. Depression is viewed as a complex, multifactorial illness. Anxiety models have focused on pharmacologic treatment of motivational conflict and the elicitation of fear and panic through environmental and drug manipulations. The most recent investigations in this area address separation calls and alarm calls in primates as potential models for separation distress and panic symptomatology, arguing that the behavioral context as well as the specific behavior be considered. Animal models have emphasized adult psychopathology in the past. However, with increased recognition of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, animal modeling of disorders that begin in the development period assumes importance. Studies in the animal modeling of depression and anxiety involving genetic models, psychosocial models, and stress-induction models are the focus of continuing investigations and may be pertinent to child and adolescent psychopathology. They offer hope for learning more about the neurobiologic mechanisms involved in these conditions and for testing new treatment approaches.
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PMID:Experimental animal modeling of depression and anxiety. 269 27


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