Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Studies of self-reported psychosomatic health among non-smokers and current smokers were conducted among students aged 19-20 by means of a standardised questionnaire form concerning people actively and passively smoking. The analysis covered the number and type of cigarettes, time of exposure to tobacco smoke, as well as health effects in active and passive smokers. Tobacco smokers constituted 22% of the total number of the population examined, whereas passive smokers - 78%. Females constituted 56.3% of current smokers, and 78.7% of those passively exposed to tobacco smoke. The majority of respondents experienced health effects. Considering self-reported psycho-somatic health, 82.8% of respondents who were passive smokers mentioned irritation by tobacco smoke, the majority of them suffered headaches and burning sensation of the eyes. As many as 96.1% of non-smokers considered smoking as harmful for health. Health effects reported by current smokers concerned headaches, dyspnea, dry cough and general malaise (depression, low mood, anxiety). 70% of the respondents would like to discontinue cigarettes smoking.
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PMID:[Tobacco smoking among adolescents-self-reported psycho-somatic health]. 1652 64

Depression measurement tools in cross-cultural research require careful design and thorough validation to ensure that cognitive concepts in one culture can be appropriately translated and applied to a differing culture. The aim of this study was to validate the Chinese version of a screening measure of state depression, the 10-item Depression in Medically Ill (DMI-10), and we report three interdependent studies. An initial bilingual test-retest study identified four (of the 10) items as having poor cross-cultural validity. A second study involved focus groups participants exploring the meaning of translated items with Chinese speakers. The third study repeated the bilingual test-retest analyses on the modified DMI-10 form and demonstrated improved correlation coefficients on all items and an excellent overall correlation (r=0.87) between the Chinese and English versions. The Chinese DMI-10 should prove useful as a tool in cross-cultural research to understand the Chinese experience of depression. The findings of this study have methodological implications for cross-cultural research on depression.
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PMID:Cross-cultural validation of the DMI-10 measure of state depression: the development of a Chinese language version. 1722 Jul 35

With tomato variety "L402" as test crop, this paper studied its photosynthetic and transpiration characteristics in different seasons under different soil water contents. Three treatments were installed, i. e. , 80% ( I ) , 65% ( II ) and 50% ( III ) soil water content. The results showed that when cultivated in spring, the photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) of tomato leaves were the highest in treatment I , followed by treatments II and Ill, while the water utilization efficiency ( WUE) was the highest in treatment II. The decrease of soil water content changed the diurnal variations of Pn and Tr significantly, and aggravated the midday depression of photosynthesis. The tomato growing in winter had the lowest Pn and Tr in treatment mI , while no difference was observed between treatments I and II. No midday depression of photosynthesis was found among the three treatments. The WUE was the highest in treatment m , and the lowest in treatment I . All of these suggested that the tomato plants cultivated in different seasons had different responses to soil water content. The diurnal variations of their Pn and Tr were significantly different, and the Pn and Tr of spring tomato were significantly higher than those of winter tomato under the same soil water content.
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PMID:[Effects of soil water content on H2O and CO2 exchange in tomato leaves in different seasons]. 1745 Jul 42

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) such as acetazolamide, methazolamide, ethoxzolamide and dichlorophenamide were and still are widely used systemic antiglaucoma drugs. Their mechanism of action consists in inhibition of CA isozymes present in ciliary processes of the eye (such as CA II, IV and XII), with the consequent reduction of bicarbonate and aqueous humour secretion, and of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) characteristic of this disease. Since CA II/IV/XII are present in many other tissues/organs, generally, systemic CAIs possess undesired side effects such as numbness and tingling of extremities; metallic taste; depression; fatigue; malaise; weight loss; decreased libido; gastrointestinal irritation; metabolic acidosis; renal calculi and transient myopia. In order to avoid these undesired side effects, recently, topically effective CAIs have been developed. Two drugs are available clinically: dorzolamide and brinzolamide. Both these drugs are applied topically as water solutions/suspensions, alone or in combination with other agents (such as beta-blockers, prostaglandin derivatives, etc) and produce a consistent and prolonged reduction of IOP. Furthermore, recent reports show both the systemically as well as topically acting sulfonamide CAIs to be effective in the treatment of macular oedema and other macular degeneration diseases, for which pharmacological treatment was unavailable up to now. Much research is in act in the search of even more effective topically acting CAIs, free of the inconveniences and side effects of the presently available drugs. For achieving this goal, a recently reported strategy, the tail approach, was extensively applied for the synthesis of large numbers of derivatives possessing various physico-chemical properties. Many such new sulfonamides showed promising antiglaucoma activity in animal models of the disease.
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PMID:The development of topically acting carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as anti-glaucoma agents. 1750 29

The uncertainties of looming adulthood, nostalgia for childhood, and a general malaise explain the crisis of adolescence. Rebellion, conflict, occasional failure at school or in society, and at-risk behaviors are not always signs of future psychiatric illness. In contrast, the physician must be in a position to identify tell-tale signs such as dysmorphophobia, existential anxiety, a feeling of emptiness, and school or social breakdown. Most psychiatric disorders that begin in adolescence are only diagnosed several years after onset. Yet early diagnosis is of utmost importance, as treatment becomes less effective and the long-term prognosis worsens with time. Suicide is the second cause of death during adolescence. All signs of suicidal behavior require hospitalization and evaluation in a psychiatric unit. Antidepressants may be necessary in adolescence. The recent controversy concerning a possible increase in the suicidal risk during antidepressant treatment should not mask the fact that the real public health issue is depression, and not antidepressants. Eating disorders are especially frequent among adolescent girls; it is important to identify psychiatric comorbidities such as schizophrenia, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorders, and to assess the vital risk. Illicit drug and alcohol consumption are frequent during adolescence; for example, close to half of all French adolescents have tried cannabis at least once. Once again, it is important to detect psychiatric comorbidities in substance-abusing adolescents. Phobia is an underdiagnosed anxiety disorder among adolescents; it may become chronic if proper treatment is not implemented, leading to suffering and disability. Finally, two major psychiatric disorders--schizophrenia and bipolar disorder--generally begin in adolescence. Treatment efficacy and the long-term prognosis both depend on early diagnosis. Treatment must be tailored to the individual patient. "Borderline" states are over-diagnosed, hindering more precise diagnosis and delaying appropriate treatment.
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PMID:[Physiological adolescence, pathological adolescence]. 1765 Jul 49

The authors describe a new self-report instrument, the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS), which was designed to assess specific symptom dimensions of major depression and related anxiety disorders. They created the IDAS by conducting principal factor analyses in 3 large samples (college students, psychiatric patients, community adults); the authors also examined the robustness of its psychometric properties in 5 additional samples (high school students, college students, young adults, postpartum women, psychiatric patients) who were not involved in the scale development process. The IDAS contains 10 specific symptom scales: Suicidality, Lassitude, Insomnia, Appetite Loss, Appetite Gain, Ill Temper, Well-Being, Panic, Social Anxiety, and Traumatic Intrusions. It also includes 2 broader scales: General Depression (which contains items overlapping with several other IDAS scales) and Dysphoria (which does not). The scales (a) are internally consistent, (b) capture the target dimensions well, and (c) define a single underlying factor. They show strong short-term stability and display excellent convergent validity and good discriminant validity in relation to other self-report and interview-based measures of depression and anxiety.
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PMID:Development and validation of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS). 1784 18

The Association for Neurophyschopharmacology hosted a satellite meeting as part of the 14th Annual Meeting of the Psychoneuroimmunology Research Society. The meeting was entitled 'Cytokines and Depression III: Identification and Treatment of Symptoms Associated with Inflammation in Diseases with Inflammation in Medically Ill Patients' and was held in Bordeaux, France on 28 - 29 May, 2007. The meeting comprised approximately 40 participants from many leading laboratories and hospitals from around the world looking to understand some of the clinical issues associated with depression and behavioural changes, with the aims of exploring better ways of clinical monitoring and marshalling drug discovery efforts from bespoke and alternate indications in providing new therapeutic approaches.
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PMID:14th Annual Meeting of the Psychoneuroimmunology Research Society 28 - 29 May 2007, Bordeaux, France. 1792 34

Recent hierarchical models suggest that both general and specific components are needed to fully represent the variation observed among mood and anxiety disorders. However, little is known about the relative size, severity, and psychological meaning of these components. We studied these features through bifactor modeling of the symptoms from the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms [IDAS; Watson et al., 2007] in 362 community adults, 353 psychiatric patients, and 673 undergraduates. Results revealed that although all IDAS symptom types loaded prominently both on a general factor as well as specific factors, some symptom groups--such as dysphoria, generalized anxiety, and irritability--were influenced more strongly by the general factor, whereas others--e.g., appetite gain, appetite loss, and low well-being--contained a larger specific component. Second, certain symptom groups--e.g., Suicidality, Panic, Appetite Loss, and Ill Temper--reflected higher severity than other symptom groups. Finally, general factor scores correlated strongly with markers of general distress and negative emotionality. These findings support a hierarchical structure among mood and anxiety symptoms and have important implications for how such disorders are described, assessed, and studied.
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PMID:Parsing the general and specific components of depression and anxiety with bifactor modeling. 1802 44

Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms present in the eyes (CA I, II, IV and XII), with sulfonamides such as acetazolamide, methazolamide, ethoxzolamide and dichlorophenamide, is still widely used for the systemic treatment of glaucoma. The mechanism of action of these drugs consists in inhibition of CA isozymes present in ciliary processes of the eye, with the consequent reduction of bicarbonate and aqueous humour secretion, and of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) characteristic of this disease. As isoforms CA II/IV/XII are present in many other tissues/organs, generally, systemic CAIs possess undesired side effects such as numbness and tingling of extremities; metallic taste; depression; fatigue; malaise; weight loss; decreased libido; gastrointestinal irritation; metabolic acidosis; renal calculi and transient myopia. For avoiding these side effects, recently, topically effective CAIs have been developed in the last 10 years, with two drugs available clinically: dorzolamide and brinzolamide. Both these drugs are applied topically as water solutions/suspensions, alone or in combination with other agents (beta-blockers, prostaglandin derivatives, etc) and produce a consistent and prolonged reduction of IOP. Furthermore, recent reports show both the systemically as well as topically acting sulfonamide CAIs to be effective in the treatment of macular edema, macular degeneration disease, or diabetic retinopathy, for which pharmacological treatment is unavailable up to now. Much research is in act in the search of more effective topically acting CAIs, free of the inconveniences and side effects of the presently available drugs. For achieving this goal, two recently reported strategy, the tail approach and its variant, the sugar-tail approach, were extensively applied for the synthesis of large numbers of derivatives possessing desired physico-chemical properties. Many such new sulfonamides showed promising antiglaucoma activity in animal models of the disease.
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PMID:The development of topically acting carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as antiglaucoma agents. 1833 10

Circulating cytokine levels are elevated in many neuropathologies and may be a cause of the associated malaise and depression. Using a rat model, we demonstrate that sickness behaviors generated by microinjection of IL-1beta into the anterior hypothalamus are adopted by naive recipient animals following plasma transfer. We further show that neutralizing peripheral TNF by etanercept (a p75 TNF receptor/Fc fusion protein) prior to the IL-1beta microinjection inhibits certain IL-1beta-mediated sickness behaviors, such as the depression of open-field activity and reduced glucose consumption. IL-1beta-induced central lesions induce peripheral TNF as part of the acute-phase response, and this appears to be the principal target of the etanercept. Thus behavioral changes induced by CNS lesions may result from peripheral expression of cytokines that can be targeted with drugs which do not need to cross the blood-brain barrier to be efficacious.
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PMID:Inhibition of peripheral TNF can block the malaise associated with CNS inflammatory diseases. 1867 64


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