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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Popular self-report inventories of depression, hopelessness, social desirability, and anxiety, along with the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire, were completed by 150 college students. Tanaka-Matsumi and Kameoka (1986) had questioned the use of popular depression instruments in the assessment of this population, due to the high correlation between depression, anxiety, and social desirability scales. The present experiment also found significant correlations between the self-report instruments and suicidal behaviors. These findings may be due to the fact that anxiety and depression are often found together in clinical settings, and that the content of depression and anxiety scales is not specific to those constructs.
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PMID:Adolescent suicidal behavior and popular self-report instruments of depression, social desirability, and anxiety. 204 66

There is a growing concern for identifying individuals at risk for suicidal behaviors. Suicidal ideation, that is, the thoughts and cognitions one has about suicidal behaviors and intent, may be considered a primary marker for the risk of more serious suicidal behaviors. This investigation examined the reliability and validity of the Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (ASIQ; Reynolds, in press-a), a 25-item self-report suicidal ideation measure designed for adults. Subjects were 474 college students from two Midwestern universities. Results indicated high internal consistency (r alpha = .97) and test-retest (rtt = .86) reliability of the ASIQ with college students. Significant correlations (rs = .38 to .60) were found with measures of depression, hopelessness, anxiety, and self-esteem. For the total sample, a multiple correlation of .67 was found between the ASIQ, the independent variables just noted, and history of prior suicide attempt. Factor analysis of the ASIQ produced a four-factor solution. Psychometric support for the utilization of the ASIQ in clinical and research settings is presented and discussed.
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PMID:Psychometric characteristics of the Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire in college students. 205 23

Among people with spinal cord injuries, death from suicide is two to six times more prevalent than in the general population. To determine if individual characteristics and behaviors present during rehabilitation can identify high-risk individuals, records of 5,200 spinal cord injured patients admitted to the Rocky Mountain Regional Spinal Injury System were reviewed. Of 489 deaths, 9% were due to suicide. They were compared with a control group of equal size, matched on age, gender, and injury level. The two groups differed significantly on postinjury despondency; expressions of shame, apathy, and hopelessness; and preinjury family disruption (p less than .01). They also differed on alcohol abuse, active involvement in the injury, preinjury depression or despondency, destructive behavior, and one aspect of etiology (p less than .05). Discriminant analysis yielded a predictive model that correctly classified 81% of the suicide group and 79% of the control group. Many of the demographic predictors identified in this study are similar to those reported in the scientific literature. However, when combined with specific behavioral characteristics manifested during rehabilitation, they comprise an array of variables that permits development of a clinical model for predicting suicide among persons with spinal cord injuries.
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PMID:Behavioral and demographic predictors of suicide after traumatic spinal cord injury. 205 21

Psychogenic influences on the immune system become evident via the nervous system, particularly in its paraspecific part and the parameters there of. On the one hand the sifting and systematization of the investigations carried out so far forces criticism and evaluation of methods, shows on the other hand however a number of important findings and conclusions, which can be deduced from this knowledge. (1) Immunosuppressive effects have to a great extent their roots in psycho-social influences, leading to an overtaxing of the human capacity to adapt; occupational stress, depression, helplessness, loneliness, hopelessness, lack of social support, suppression of emotional disturbance and aggression, psychological vulnerability, etc. (2) A psychogenic stimulation of the immune system is founded in certain personality traits (self-confidence, openness, etc.) and a life-style, which is characterized by security and support in the social sphere, by the ability to handle one's illness positively, by recognizing effective forms of coping with stress, as well as trust and faith in realizing the unlikely and a will to survive based on self-discipline. (3) Forms of hyperalimentation, malnutrition and wrong eating habits result in immunosuppressive effects and, in highly developed industrial countries, have their roots in stress situations, which cannot be coped with (e.g. stress due to separation from partner, stress connected with divorce, occupational stress, loneliness, helplessness, lack of social support, suppression of emotional disturbance and aggression, sleep deprivation, immobilization, etc.) and are therefore founded in variables of life-style and biography.
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PMID:[Psychogenic stimulation of the immune system by nutrition]. 205 87

Patients (200) with chronic intractable pain were evaluated to identify various psychiatric symptoms. Identifiable psychiatric illness, commonest being neurotic depression and anxiety states, was found in 72 per cent patients. The common symptoms reported on the present state examination (PSE) were worrying (77%), depression (40%), loss of interest (31.5%), hopelessness (16.5%), loss of weight (18%), and suicidal ideas (8%) and irritability (41.5%). Two thirds of patients had both anxiety and depression.
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PMID:Psychiatric symptoms in patients with non-organic chronic intractable pain. 207 Nov 86

Suicide rates among schizophrenic individuals are disturbingly high. At present, suicide is the number one cause of premature death among schizophrenics, with 10 to 13 percent killing themselves. Recent studies place the risk of suicide for persons with schizophrenia at a level comparable to that for persons with affective disorder. Depression, especially the symptom of self-reported or perceived hopelessness, is an important comorbidity factor in assessing this risk. Young white schizophrenic men with high levels of premorbid functioning and high expectations are at particularly high risk. Schizophrenic women, unlike women in the general population, behave more like men when it comes to choosing suicide. This article reviews recent studies reporting suicide rates and risk factors for suicide among schizophrenic patients. Current issues concerning the prediction, prevention, and treatment of suicidality among persons with schizophrenia are also discussed.
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PMID:Schizophrenics kill themselves too: a review of risk factors for suicide. 207 36

Chronic facial pain syndromes are associated with high levels of distress and depression. Immune system measures were investigated in otherwise healthy patients suffering from chronic temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome (TMPDS) and in matched controls. No mean differences were found between TMPDS patients and the controls on any of the immune measures; however, both ConA and PWM responses in TMPDS patients were decreased in relation to the level of demoralization (P less than 0.05). Cognitive symptoms such as low self-esteem and perceptions of helplessness/hopelessness were implicated in these effects. In addition, among patients pain severity was independently associated with decreased ConA response (P less than 0.05). The data suggest possible correlates of stress-induced changes in the immune system.
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PMID:Facial pain, distress, and immune function. 208 80

In all important cognitive theories of depression negative patterns of thought or thought processes are seen as being involved in the development and/or signs and symptoms of depressions. Thus Beck (1967, 1976) proceeds on the assumption that individuals with a predisposition to depressive illnesses have, because of earlier experiences, arrived at negative attitudes which, in connection with stress factors, bring about, determine and/or strengthen negative thought processes and depressive signs and symptoms. According to Rehm (1977), depressive people are characterized by a specific, unfavourable self-control style, which, amongst others, goes along with an increased consideration of negative aspects within one's own behaviour and/or within one's self. The attributional models of depression of Abramson, Seligman and Tesdale (1978) and Miller and Norman (1979) that came into being with the further development of Seligman's model of learned helplessness, proceed from the existence of a "depressive attribution style" that is characterized by internal, stable and global attributions for negative events and external, variable and specific attributions for positive events. In the hopelessness theory of depression (a revision of the reformulated helplessness theory by Abramson, Seligman and Teasdale 1978) Abramson, Metalsky and Alloy (1989) assume a (hopelessness) sub-type of depression for which they see the experience of hopelessness (in the sense of their definition) as almost sufficient cause for a coming into being and an unfavourable attribution style simply as a susceptibility factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cognitive theories of depression. Implications for the investigation of emotional disturbances in childhood and adolescence. 217 43

Little difference was found between the psychiatric symptoms of medical patients and general-population subjects with affective disorder, both groups having been assessed with the same procedure (Present State Examination). Discrimination between medical patients with and without affective disorder was best achieved when patients with depressive and anxiety disorders were considered separately. Depressed mood, morning depression, and hopelessness were the key symptoms in the depressives, and nervous tension, free-floating anxiety, panic attacks, and specific phobias in the patients with anxiety disorders. Symptom profile did not distinguish patients with persistent affective disorders from those whose disorders had resolved at a 4-month follow-up.
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PMID:Significance of psychiatric symptoms in general medical patients with mood disorders. 221 Mar 46

The purpose of this present investigation was to cross-validate a stress-psychosocial vulnerability model of suicidal ideation and behavior in a jail population. Measures of social alienation, cognitive distortions, adaptive resources, situational (jail environment) stress, depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation were administered to 146 male inmates at a county jail facility. It was predicted that each of the vulnerability factors, in addition to jail stress, would be significantly related to suicide ideation among inmates. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that psychosocial vulnerability among inmates would interact with jail stress to best explain suicide intent. The result of a multiple-regression analysis, stepwise forward-inclusion algorithm, indicated that 51% of the variation in suicide ideation could be accounted for by the linear combination of low reasons for living, irrational beliefs, jail stress, and loneliness. In addition, when the variables were entered into a hierarchical multiple-regression model, interactions between select psychosocial vulnerability factors and jail stress were found to best explain suicide intent. Results of the study are discussed in terms of the proposed model, and implications for future research and prevention efforts in jail suicide are noted.
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PMID:Psychosocial vulnerability, life stress, and suicide ideation in a jail population: a cross-validation study. 223 14


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