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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This paper examines patterns of psychological adjustment in a small sample of asymptomatic HIV antibody positive men. Comparison is made with data available on male cancer patients. HIV positive men reported greater degrees of anxious preoccupation and hopelessness, and lower levels of the more adaptive 'fighting spirit' response. In HIV-infected men, depression correlated positively with frequency of high risk sexual practices.
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PMID:Relationships between mental adjustment to HIV diagnosis, psychological morbidity and sexual behaviour. 177 59

Research in biobehavioral oncology has been focused on stress as one dispositional factor in the multifactorial origin and in the clinical progression of malignant disease. New insights into the transduction of environmental influences to the immune system and to other body systems by the brain and neurotransmitters have increased the salience of this approach. Behavioral medicine in the area of cardiovascular disease has been successful due to the introduction of a "Type A" or coronary prone behavior pattern in large epidemiologic studies. This pattern is marked by both psychologic and physiologic hyperresponsiveness. Type A persons appear to be hostile, easily angered, competitive and hard-driving. More recently, behavioral oncologists have similarly attempted at conceptualizing a "Type C" or biopsychosocial cancer risk pattern, as they have noted the denial and suppression of emotions, in particular anger. Other features of this pattern are "pathological niceness", avoidance of conflicts, exaggerated social desirability, harmonizing behavior, over-compliance, over-patience, as well as high rationality and a rigid control of emotional expression ("anti-emotionality"). This pattern, usually concealed behind a facade of pleasantness, appears to be effective as long as environmental and psychological homeostasis is maintained, but collapses in the course of time under the impact of accumulated strains and stressors, especially those evoking feelings of depression and reactions of helplessness and hopelessness. As a prominent feature of this particular coping style, excessive denial, avoidance, suppression and repression of emotions and own basic needs appears to weaken the organism's natural resistance to carcinogenic influences. This may mean that the excessive use of denial and suppression/repression has important psychophysiologic effects linked to tumor biology and host-defense. Recent studies reveal that psychosocial stressors which are met by inadequate and repressive coping styles are associated with changes in immunocompetence, including both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Relationships between different immune parameters (natural killer cell activity, lymphocytes, serotonin uptake, mean platelet volume) and mood states, psychological coping styles and personality variables are outlined. Recent findings indicate also that in certain malignancies (eg. breast cancer) the clinical course of the disease is influenced by psychosocial factors and coping style, as well as that the risk of cancer recurrence and metastasis is influenced by the type and duration of a given stressor. Individuals with a more favorable outcome have higher fighting spirit, a greater potential for aggression and lesser suppressive tendencies. Psychological intervention in cancer patients in its different forms and within the frame of the over-all treatment has now become a matter of scientific discussion and research.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Stress, cancer and immunity. New developments in biopsychosocial and psychoneuroimmunologic research. 178 8

A randomized clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral therapy, ie, dialectical behavior therapy, for the treatment of chronically parasuicidal women who met criteria for borderline personality disorder. The treatment lasted 1 year, with assessment every 4 months. The control condition was "treatment as usual" in the community. At most assessment points and during the entire year, the subjects who received dialectical behavior therapy had fewer incidences of parasuicide and less medically severe parasuicides, were more likely to stay in individual therapy, and had fewer inpatient psychiatric days. There were no between-group differences on measures of depression, hopelessness, suicide ideation, or reasons for living although scores on all four measures decreased throughout the year.
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PMID:Cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. 842 57

By presenting the salient aspects of a case study of a high school student athlete, we have attempted to show how participation in sports can negatively impact on self-concept, self-esteem, physical acceptance, and self-efficacy, thereby contributing to an overall feeling of inadequacy, helplessness, hopelessness, and ultimately leading to depression and chronic fatigue. An early maturer, this student experienced early success in several sports without a great deal of effort and investment, and derived much of his sense of being from the recognition and reinforcement accorded him by significant others, most notably from a father who placed a higher premium on success in athletics than on other equally worthwhile pursuits. When continued success was not forthcoming, and as later-maturing peers caught up to and surpassed his athletic accomplishments, the student sought to protect his sense of self-esteem by rationalizing that his lack of success was due to a physical problem. He became obsessed with the thought that he was gradually losing his athletic identity and he lapsed deeper and deeper into a depressed state. His compulsive overtraining and starvation diet failed to produce his image of the "ideal body" that, of course, was unachievable because of his distorted view of reality. Ultimately, this behavior resulted in hospitalization for treatment of an eating disorder and clinical depression. Even a successful senior football season after his psychiatric care could not filter through his distorted perceptions and he could not cope with the thought of participating in another track and field season and having his performance bested by others whom he had once handily beaten. Thus, once again, he engaged in self-protective behavior and sought verification from sportsmedicine professionals. Diagnosis of Tom's condition was possible only through the collaborative efforts of the athletic trainer, physical therapist, sport psychologist, and family physician. Professionals involved in sportsmedicine must be aware of the critical role that highly valued activities like sports play in the psychosocial development of adolescents. To the adult, these activities may seem trivial, frivolous, and removed from the "real world," but to the adolescent, they are an important source of self-esteem during a critical and volatile period of self-concept edification. During a period of awakening sexuality and heightened awareness of their physical being, activities that emphasize the physical aspect of self gain prominence. Those who derive positive experiences benefit from enhanced feelings of physical self-efficacy and self-esteem.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Depression and chronic fatigue in the high school student and athlete. 187 14

Psychiatric disorders, psychosocial dysfunction, family pathology, and environmental stressors are thought to be risk factors for adolescent suicide attempts. Variables from each of these categories were examined, by means of a structured interview and questionnaires, to determine whether a group of 21 adolescent suicide attempters could be differentiated from a group of 34 normal control subjects and a group of 15 at-risk adolescents (teenagers with known risk factors but without recent suicide attempt). The attempters differed significantly from control subjects on a large number of variables, particularly in the areas of substance abuse, depression, self-image, interpersonal relationships, communication patterns, family support, and problem behaviors. Only three items--the Beck Hopelessness Scale score, the SCL-90-R Positive Symptom Distress Index, and a history of suicidal ideation--differentiated the attempters from the at-risk adolescents. A discriminant analysis revealed that hopelessness and suicidal ideation were able to identify 93% of the suicide attempters.
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PMID:Can adolescent suicide attempters be distinguished from at-risk adolescents? 188 47

The clinical assessment of suicide risk is a difficult task that the traditional literature contributes to in a limited way. This study aims to complement the traditional literature by determining the ranking of suicide risk factors by a group of 81 psychiatrists. Hopelessness was ranked the most important risk factor, followed by Suicidal Ideation, Previous Attempts, the Level of Mood and Affect, Quality of Relationships, Signs and Symptoms of Depression, and Social Integration. Less highly ranked risk factors are also noted. The significance of these findings is discussed with respect to the literature and commonly used textbooks of psychiatry.
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PMID:How psychiatrists weigh risk factors when assessing suicide risk. 188 49

The present study examined the relationship among psychiatric diagnosis, depression, attributional style, and hopelessness among 69 adolescent suicide attempters and 40 psychiatrically hospitalized adolescent controls. Contrary to predictions, the suicide attempters were more likely than the nonsuicidal group to attribute good events to global causes. No differences in attributional style were found across the depressed versus nondepressed subjects. However, there was a modest relationship between depression and attributional style. Results suggest that maladaptive cognitive characteristics are present in adolescent clinical samples but may be less specific to suicide attempters than is often suggested.
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PMID:Cognitive characteristics of adolescent suicide attempters. 189 94

We administered the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Hopelessness Index 18 times over a 39-wk. period to an initial sample of 76 old, frail, multiply impaired, and depressed nursing home residents participating in a longitudinal quasi-experimental study on the effects of cognitive group interventions on cognition, depression , hopelessness, and life satisfaction. As no changes over time were observed on the outcome variables of geriatric depression and hopelessness, the stability of the instruments' internal consistency was examined longitudinally. For the Geriatric Depression Scale, Kuder-Richardson KR-20 coefficients ranged from .69 to .88, with a mean of .82 (SD = .05). Coefficients for the Hopelessness Index were between .72 and .86, with a mean of .80 (SD = .04). We conclude that both instruments give reliable measurements of geriatric depression and hopelessness in old, frail, and depressed nursing home residents.
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PMID:The Geriatric Depression Scale and Hopelessness Index: longitudinal psychometric data on frail nursing home residents. 179 16

For 152 psychiatric inpatients scores on the Beck Depression Scale, State form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Self-report Inventory, Hopelessness Scale and 3 MMPI scales, Hypochondriasis, Schizophrenia, and Hypomania, were factor analyzed. The two factors appeared to confirm Gotlib's 1984 suggestion that such questionnaires measure general distress, as responding endorses negative affect.
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PMID:Measurement and interrelations of psychiatric symptomatology in inpatients. 189 29

A group of yound adults completed the Attributional Style Questionnaire and measures of depressive affect and hopelessness on two occasions separated by a time interval of three years. Attributional style was demonstrated to be relatively stable over this time period, and was correlated with the measures of psychological well-being. Specifically, those who scored highest on depressive affect and hopelessness attributed good outcomes more externally and less stably, and attributed bad outcomes to relatively more stable and global causes. In contrast to the hopelessness model of depression, however, multiple regression analyses showed that depressive attributions were not antecedent to increased psychological distress; nor were they a consequence. Furthermore, negative life-events did not contribute to the prediction. It was concluded that the data are most consonant with Brewin's (1985) symptom model, in which depressive attributions are a concomitant or symptom of depression but have no causal impact on the onset or course of the disorder.
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PMID:The stability of attributional style and its relation to psychological distress. 193 43


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