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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between depression (helpless withdrawal behavior) and susceptibility to stress ulcer in rats. The WKY genetic strain of rats has been described as highly susceptible to stomach ulcer development during water restraint, i.e., when placed in a jar of water and forced to swim to keep their head above water, a setting in which Richter identified "giving up" behavior akin to hopelessness (Richter, 1957). Since WKY rats tended to float in the water instead of swimming in an attempt to escape, and were also found to be relatively inactive in open field tests, a series of experiments were performed to ascertain whether their diminished activity and their failure to swim reflected slowness, cognitive impairment, or something actually akin to depression. The latter interpretation was supported by evidence from tests of shock avoidance behavior, of capacity to learn discrimination in an operant setting, and by the capacity of an antidepressive drug to lessen floating time in the forced swim test and also to reduce the incidence of stomach ulcers.
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PMID:Learning behavior, escape behavior, and depression in an ulcer susceptible rat strain. 161 Jul 18

Suicide behavior is a significant problem for many American Indian populations, often more so than in the general population, but little tribal-specific data available. In this study, baseline data on the correlates of suicide ideation and the social and psychological differences between suicide attempters and nonattempters were collected on a sample of 84 Zuni adolescents. Results show significant correlations between a measure of suicide ideation and past suicide attempt behavior, drug use, depression, hopelessness, stress, psychological symptomatology, social support, liking for school, and interpersonal communication. Significant differences between the 30% of the students who reported having previously attempted suicide and the nonattempters were also found on these measures. Areas for education and prevention efforts are suggested.
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PMID:Psychological and social indicators of suicide ideation and suicide attempts in Zuni adolescents. 161 2

At the Oxford Haemophilia Centre at Churchill Hospital in Oxford, England, psychiatrists compared data on 37 HIV seropositive hemophiliacs (31 asymptomatics and 6 symptomatics) with data on 36 HIV seronegative hemophiliacs to determine the prevalence of psychosocial conditions in HIV seropositive men and factors related to those conditions. HIV seropositive men had much higher Present State Examination scores than did the HIV seronegative men (5.9 vs. 2.2; p=.005). This was true for both symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV seropositive men (7.3 and 5.7, respectively). Nevertheless, these levels of psychological disturbance were basically the same as the general outpatient medical population as was also the case with depression scores (POMS). Still symptomatic HIV seropositive men were more likely to be depressed than HIV seronegative men (6.4 vs. 3.6; p=.02). The most important finding was that both symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV seropositive men felt significantly higher levels of hopelessness than did the HIV seronegative men (6.5 vs. 2.6; p=.0004, asymptomatic-5.8 and symptomatic=9.7). Hopelessness indicated an increased risk of suicide which is independent of depression. Past psychiatric history (r=0.38), hopelessness (r=0.55), and poor social adjustment (r=0.55) accounted for 49.8% of the variance (p.001). HIV seropositive men exhibited more psychosexual dysfunction especially premature and delayed ejaculation (30% vs. 4% and 20% vs. 0, respectively; p.05) than HIV seronegative men. Among the men who had a sexual relationship, HIV seropositive men tended to always use condoms during intercourse (79% of asymptomatics and 100% of symptomatics vs. 25% of HIV seronegatives; p=.0004). Even though they used condoms, HIV seropositive men were more likely to worry about infecting their partners than HIV seronegative men (p=.02).
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PMID:The psychosocial impact of HIV infection in men with haemophilia: controlled investigation and factors associated with psychiatric morbidity. 161 81

The concurrent validity of the Quality-of-Life Index (QLI) is examined by comparing it with other standard measures of psychopathology and psychosocial and physical functioning in a sample of HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) men. Fifty gay men (29 HIV+ and 21 HIV-) were assessed on the QLI and a number of other instruments covering medical, psychological, and social factors in order to examine the validity of the five domains (activity, health, support, outlook, and daily living) of the QLI as a measure of health-related quality of life. A highly significant correlation was found between the support domain of the QLI and the Social Supports Scale. A significant correlation was found between the QLI outlook domain and most measures of psychopathology including depression, anxiety, distress, and hopelessness. A modest but significant correlation was found between the activity domain of the QLI and a medical staging scale, and the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale. It can be concluded that the QLI successfully measures different areas of functioning related to quality of life.
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PMID:The concurrent validity of items in the Quality-of-Life Index in a cohort of HIV-positive and HIV-negative gay men. 166 50

Excess fatigue, hopelessness, listlessness, loss of libido, increased irritability and problems with sleep have been found to increase the risk for a first non-fatal MI. These complaints are thought to reflect a state of 'vital exhaustion'. Most, if not all, of these feelings are also characteristic for subjects suffering from a depressive disorder. The aim of the present study was to explore whether a state of vital exhaustion is characterized more by depressed mood than by loss of vigour and excess fatigue. The Profile of Mood States was used to assess depressed mood, vigour and fatigue. Subjects monitored these factors themselves for a period of three weeks to circumvent retrospective recall bias and to investigate depressed mood, vigour and fatigue in a natural context. Current affective, cognitive, motivational and somatic symptoms of depression were further assessed retrospectively with the Beck Depression Inventory. The results with self-monitoring indicate that exhausted subjects suffer from loss of vigour and excess fatigue, while a depressed mood was almost absent. The retrospective assessment of symptoms of depression yielded similar results. It appeared that the most frequently reported symptoms were: 'fatigability', 'work inhibition', 'sleep disturbance' and 'loss of libido', while 'depressed mood', the key symptom for depressive disorders, was hardly mentioned. Based upon these results, we suggest that what we term 'vital exhaustion' is distinct from depression.
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PMID:Vital exhaustion and depression: a conceptual study. 168 Oct 98

A bilingual conference was held in order to assist a Spanish-speaking patient and her physicians in planning for her care. The patient spoke only Spanish and her oncologists were primarily English-speaking. Her daughter, who was bilingual, did not attend the conference. One of the authors translated and served as interpreter and liaison between the patient and her other physicians. The patient was severely depressed and terminally ill with end-stage bladder cancer. Her depression and hopelessness complicated her care.
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PMID:Treatment decisions in end-stage bladder cancer. Bilingual liaison rounds. 171 82

The past literature suggests the hypothesis that depression is associated with decreased physical functional ability in stroke patients. On a medical rehabilitation ward, 21 stroke patients were evaluated for depression by psychiatric interview and self-report, and were also rated on the Barthel's Functional Index (BFI). The hypothesis was supported: Patients scoring 17 or higher on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (N = 7) had lower initial scores on the BFI than patients with lower BDI scores. There was a trend for these seven depressed patients to improve more slowly as ascertained by the BFI. Depression was suggested to lower functional ability by increasing fatigue, hopelessness, and decreasing motivation.
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PMID:Physical consequences of depression in the stroke patient. 173 Apr 3

Ten early and late onset dysthymia cases, diagnosed by DSM-III criteria, were treated with the Cognitive-Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy, a standardized, three-stage therapy system developed specifically for the treatment of dysthymia. The cases are presented as naturalistic, direct-replication studies. Reliability of data trends within and across stages of treatment and generalization of effects across patients were demonstrated. The out-of-control depressive state at treatment outset is challenged by demonstrating to each patient that their depressive predicament is self-produced and maintained by maladaptive living strategies. The essential goals of therapy are teaching the patient a) to accept total responsibility for their depression and b) to achieve and maintain mood control by enacting adaptive daily living strategies. The progressive assumption of personal responsibility for the debilitative mood state is accompanied by a corresponding shift in a locus of control set from externality to internality. Patients were then taught situational coping strategies, and treatment ended when mood control was evinced. All cases were treated by J.P.M. The 10 cases met therapy termination criteria, and nine (one exception) were found in remission for dysthymia at follow-up of 2 years or more. Cognitive behavior psychotherapy, which directly attacks the helplessness and hopelessness plight of the dysthymic and teaches adaptive coping skills, appears to be an effective therapeutic strategy for the disorder.
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PMID:Psychotherapy for dysthymia. A naturalistic study of ten patients. 174 31

Research among nondemented elderly living independently in the community suggests that increased social support is associated with improved emotional and physical health. Relatively little research has examined associations between social supports and health among the institutionalized elderly. A sample of 70 nondemented, elderly nursing-home patients was studied to determine associations between qualitative and quantitative aspects of patients' relationships with their primary family contact and measures of emotional well-being, including depression, hopelessness, and life satisfaction. Significant correlations between quality of relationships and all domains of emotional well-being were found. None of the correlations between frequency of interaction and measures of emotional health were significant. A hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that the correlation between quality of relationships and depression and life satisfaction was independent of functional status, mental status, age, type of relation, and frequency of visits. These results are consistent with studies of the noninstitutionalized elderly.
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PMID:Primary family contacts and emotional health in the institutionalized elderly. 175 50

Previous work with the Geriatric Hopelessness Scale (GHS; Fry, 1984, 1986) suggests that it may be a useful measure of pessimism for a variety of domains among elderly persons. One hundred seven community-residing aged persons were individually administered the GHS and a variety of personality and cognitive functioning measures in an effort to further refine and validate the GHS. Results suggest very modest internal consistency and a poorly defined factor structure for the GHS, in contrast to earlier findings. Although the GHS failed to differentiate elderly persons by age, it was nonetheless related to self-esteem, depression, self-rated health, internality, morale, and life satisfaction. Taken together, these data indicate that the research and clinical utility of the GHS with community-residing aged persons may be more limited than previously believed.
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PMID:Hopelessness in community-residing aged persons: a viable construct? 175 74


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