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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This research examined the relationship between hopelessness, defined as a system of negative expectancies about the future, and two theoretically relevant constructs: internal-external locus of control, and depression. Two samples of 67 and 44 undergraduates were administered the Beck, et al. Hopelessness Scale, the Rotter Internal-External Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The data of both samples supported the predictions that hopelessness would be positively related to external locus of control and to depression.
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PMID:Hopelessness, internal-external locus of control, and depression. 126 94

On the basis of criminal police files we studied 508 suicides which happened between 1970 up to 1981 in the Ravensburg area in southern Germany. The police files also included medical records about in- or outpatient psychiatric treatment and also data about former violent behaviour. Mental disease as follows were most frequent: Depression 66% (diagnoses were made according to IDC-0 by two doctors under supervision of two senior psychiatrists; ICD-9: 300.4, 309.0 and 309.1 22%, ICD-9 296.1, 296.3 7.1% of the entire suicide group); neuroses and personality disorders 19%, addition, especially alcoholism, 28%. No psychiatric diagnosis could be made retrospectively in 10.6% (54 suicides). Sign in the presuicidal development like depressive symptoms, hopelessness and feelings of having no future, sleeping disturbances, feelings of guilt and anxiety, inner restlessness, but also changes in the direction of serenity and relaxation, treats of suicidal behaviour and reactions of the family and environment were reported showing a broad span of reactions from lack of perception to wrong interpretation. 15% of the suicides had also criminal activities in their former history. From a psychiatric point of view, improved diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the treatment of the mentally ill, especially in the field of outpatient medical care of depressive and addictive patients, and better information of the relatives is to be demanded in order to prevent suicides.
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PMID:[Suicide in the Ravensburg/Oberschwaben area. Results of a study of 508 suicides based on criminal police records]. 128 28

The patient under neuromuscular blockade is dependent on members of the interdisciplinary team for all physical and psychological needs. Loss of control leads to feelings of powerlessness and helplessness which can adversely affect the patient's ability to cope. The nurse caring for this patient must be able to effectively combine clinical expertise with compassion in order to most effectively help the patient cope with the period of powerlessness. An individualized approach to restore control helps curtail the progression of powerlessness to hopelessness and limit the associated depression and anxiety.
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PMID:Powerlessness and the patient under neuromuscular blockade. 128 33

The validation study and factorial analysis of the Beck's hopelessness scale is presented. Two groups were compared including patients suffering from depression (n = 100) and a control group (n = 93). Age and sex were comparable in the two groups. The hopelessness scale is valid, and differentiates depressive patients from control subjects. The scale has a good reliability (test-retest, r = .81) and a good internal consistency (alpha = .97) for depressive subjects and alpha = .79 for control subjects). It also shows a good concurrent validity with other scales assessing depressive cognitions, the automatic thoughts questionnaire, the dysfunctional attitudes scale (form A) and a scale assessing the suicidal risk (ERSD). No concurrent validity is found with scales assessing the intensity of depression, the Beck depression inventory and the Hamilton scale. The factorial analysis elicits a general factor, accounting for 38.15% of the variance, and reflecting negative feelings about the future. The study of all the factorial analysis shows the stability of the factorial structure.
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PMID:[Study of Beck's hopelessness scale. Validation and factor analysis]. 129 93

Most research on hopelessness has focused on adult populations. However, with the recent publication of Kazdin's Hopelessness Scale for Children, there has been increasing attention directed toward hopelessness in children. This report reviews research on hopelessness, and in both adults and children, emphasizes findings which support Beck's cognitive trial view of depression. Also discussed is the neglected topic of hopelessness within the academic setting, including attributions, motivation and delayed gratification. This report suggests ways to prevent and treat hopelessness in the school-aged child, focusing primarily on cognitive-behavioral techniques.
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PMID:Hopelessness in children and adolescents. An overview. 131 Mar 68

The effects of cognitive-behavioral group therapy, focused visual imagery group therapy, and education-discussion groups on cognition, depression, hopelessness, and dissatisfaction with life were studied among depressed nursing home residents. Seventy-six depressed subjects with mild to moderate cognitive decline participated in nurse-led 24-week protocols. Data were collected 4 weeks before the interventions, 8 and 20 weeks after treatment initiation, and 4 weeks after treatment termination. There were no significant changes in depression, hopelessness, or life satisfaction scores for any of the three conditions. Participants in the cognitive-behavioral and focused visual imagery groups showed a significant improvement beginning 8 weeks after treatment initiation on cognitive scores. These findings are encouraging indications that cognitive-behavioral and focused visual imagery group therapies may reduce cognitive impairment in depressed nursing home residents with mild to moderate cognitive decline.
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PMID:Effects of group interventions on cognition and depression in nursing home residents. 138 47

Sense of coherence (SOC) has been proposed as a psychological factor that predicts good health and positive adjustment. The three components of SOC: manageability, comprehensibility and meaning were assessed together with depression, hopelessness and self-esteem as factors predicting future suicidal ideation and behaviour in parasuicides. One hundred and fifty hospitalized parasuicides were evaluated on these measures and followed up after six months to determine their current level of suicidal ideation and whether they had been readmitted for a further attempt or killed themselves in the intervening period. Suicidal ideation on admission was best predicted by a low score on the SOC meaning subscale and also significantly related to the other predictor variables. Suicidal ideation at the six-month follow-up was best predicted by the SOC subscales manageability and comprehensibility. These two SOC subscales also emerged as discriminators of suicidal behaviour over the six months following admission. Overall prediction of suicidal behaviour was enhanced by also including the background variables of age, a history of previous attempts, unemployment and whether the attempter was living alone. The study ends with a discussion of the importance of widening the focus when assessing and predicting suicidal risk to include not only predictions based on pathology but also psychological factors that promote adjustment.
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PMID:Sense of coherence, self-esteem, depression and hopelessness as correlates of reattempting suicide. 139 58

A relationship of urinary catecholamines and of urinary free cortisol with violent suicide attempts has been reported. We have reexamined this issue in patients within 24 hours of hospital admission. Suicide attempters had significantly higher norepinephrine (NE: mean +/- SD = 58.3 +/- 27.0 micrograms/24 hours; n = 27) than did control patients with suicidal ideation (mean +/- SD = 37.1 +/- 21.3; n = 10). Among suicide attempters, those who used physical means had the highest NE levels (mean +/- SD = 69.7 +/- 21.3) and those who took overdoses of antidepressants (mean +/- SD = 51.9 +/- 17.3; n = 6), benzodiazepines (mean +/- SD = 65.1 +/- 29.7; n = 5), or miscellaneous drugs (mean +/- SD = 59.1 +/- 36.5; n = 11) had lower NE values. In contrast to NE, urinary dopamine (mean +/- SD = 402.6 +/- 392 micrograms/24 hours, epinephrine (EPI: mean +/- SD = 14.3 +/- 4.0 micrograms/24 hours), the NE/EPI ratio (mean +/- SD = 8.3 +/- 0.9), urinary free cortisol (mean +/- SD = 157.9 +/- 11.5 micrograms/24 hours) and serum cortisol (mean +/- SD = 35.0 +/- 13.1 nM/l) did not differ between groups. There were no group differences in age (mean +/- SD = 36.3 +/- 16.5 years), Beck Depression Inventory score (mean +/- SD = 26.3 +/- 12.9), Beck Hopelessness Scale score (mean +/- SD = 10.0 +/- 5.6), Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation score (mean +/- SD = 13.6 +/- 9.3), or Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score (mean +/- SD = 19.5 +/- 9.8). In the four parasuicide groups, there was no difference in suicide intent (mean +/- SD = 13.3 +/- 7.9). These findings indicate that there is increased NE output shortly after suicide attempts. Previous reports of a low NE/EPI ratio in suicidal patients may reflect adaptive changes rather than the acute state of the patient at the time of the attempt.
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PMID:Urinary catecholamines and cortisol in parasuicide. 143 15

Gender differences in the psychosocial correlates of suicidal ideation were studied. A sample of 613 high school students (ages 14-19) completed measures of suicidal ideation, depression, hopelessness, life stress, loneliness, alcohol and drug use, and reasons for living. The results of a discriminant function analysis indicated that males reported higher loneliness and substance abuse scores than females whereas females reported greater suicidal ideation, depression, and reasons for living. The results of multiple regression analyses found that, although the same four variables, depression, hopelessness, substance abuse, and few reasons for living emerged as significant predictors of suicidal ideation in both samples, the predictive equation accounted for more of the variance in ideation scores in females (57%) than in males (46%). In a final analysis a discriminant function analysis of the subscales of the reasons for living inventory revealed that females have a greater fear of death and injury whereas males have a greater fear of social disapproval over having suicidal thoughts. This may account for the greater rate of suicide completing among males. Fear of social disapproval, more anger and impulsivity, and less help-seeking behavior among males are offered as potential variables to explain the observed gender differences.
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PMID:Gender differences in the psychosocial correlates of suicidal ideation among adolescents. 144 Jul 50

The diathesis-stress and causal mediation components of the hopelessness theory of depression (Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy, 1989) were tested using a prospective methodology. Measures of the 3 vulnerability factors posited by the theory (cognitive diatheses about cause, consequences, and self) were completed by 152 Ss at Time (T) 1. Ss completed measures of depressive symptoms, anxious symptoms, and hopelessness at T1 and again at T2, 5 weeks later. Naturally occurring stressors were assessed at T2 (covering the T1-T2 interval). Consistent with the diathesis-stress component, each Cognitive Diathesis x Stress (CD x S) interaction predicted onset of depressive symptoms from T1 to T2. In contrast, the CD x S interactions predicted neither state nor trait anxiety. In addition, 2 of the 3 CD x S interactions (those involving cause and self, but not consequences) were partially mediated by hopelessness. Implications for future work on the hopelessness theory of depression are discussed.
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PMID:Vulnerability to depressive symptomatology: a prospective test of the diathesis-stress and causal mediation components of the hopelessness theory of depression. 144 90


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