Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hypokinesia effects on cardiac contractivity and vegetative regulation were studied in rats with high and low spontaneous motor activity. It was shown that hypokinesia promotes depression of the stroke volume and decrease of sympathetic nervous activity in rats with low motor activity. At the same time, in rats with high motor activity these parameters were not significantly affected by hypokinesia. The conclusion is made about a relationship between resistance to hypokinesia and spontaneous motor activity.
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PMID:[Effects of hypokinesia on cardiac activity in rats with high and low spontaneous motor activity]. 130 Nov

Comparative studies were pursued to investigate the locomotor activity induced by phencyclidine hydrochloride in CD-1 male mice. Horizontal, vertical, and rotational activity counts were quantitated using an infrared beam animal activity monitor. Five doses (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) of phencyclidine were compared. At the 1.5 mg/kg dose, no locomotor activity changes were observed when compared to a saline control group. Increased activity was observed at the 2.5, 3.5, and 5.0 mg/kg doses. Decreased activity was observed at the 10.0 mg/kg dose when compared to the 5.0 mg/kg dose possibly due to ataxia. In addition, the locomotor activity produced by acute d-amphetamine and acute phencyclidine was compared at doses of 2.5 mg/kg and 5.0 mg/kg respectively. The overall locomotor activity levels produced by acute d-amphetamine and phencyclidine were not significantly different at p less than 0.05. The time to peak activities and peak level activities were also similar and occurred at 20-25 minutes and 1100-1300 inches respectively after i.p. administration. Administration of apomorphine after phencyclidine did not change overall locomotor activity. The data implies that phencyclidine may act primarily as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor rather than a dopamine release stimulator. Phencyclidine also affects other activity (unlike amphetamine) as seen by the severe depression of vertical activity.
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PMID:Comparison between locomotor activity changes produced by phencyclidine and D-amphetamine in CD-1 male mice. 402 8

Clinico-neurophysiological study of the functional state of the nervous system was performed for persons who participated in elimination of the Chernobyl accident consequences in 1986, as well as for persons working in the 30 km zone. Mean age of the persons was 41. Vegetative dystonia syndrome was diagnosticated in 50% of examined subjects. The increased perception and pain thresholds, as well as the thresholds' asymmetry were determined in 30% of patients. The conduction velocity of sensory and motor nerves, as well as the neuromuscular transmission were normal. No substantial changes in parameters of the soleus H- and M-responses were detected. A decreased amplitude and increased latency of the evoked skin sympathetic potential were found indicating a decreased tone of the adrenergic sympathetic vasoconstrictors and cholinergic sudomotor fibres, that may be one of the pathogenic mechanisms of the sensory, vegetotrophovascular disorders for these subjects. Decreased activity of the sympathetic autonomic system causes permanent course of the vegetative dystonia syndrome and more seldom the parasympathetic autonomic paroxysms. A decreased tone of the sympathetic autonomic system may be due to the monoaminergic neuromediation inhibition (decreased noradrenaline and dopamine excretion for the same subjects), that can induce psychoemotional disorders, depression and sleep-wakeness cycle disorders.
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PMID:[Some indicators of nervous system function in people exposed to harmful conditions of the Chernobyl accident]. 804 11

1. Hypokinesia following immobilization stress in rats is attenuated by anti-depressant drugs used in the treatment of unipolar depression. Lithium has anti-depressant effects both clinically and in other animal models of depression, but the mechanism of its anti-depressant effect has not been elucidated. 2. To determine if lithium reverses immobilization-induced hypokinesia, the effects of lithium and immobilization stress were tested in a fully factorial 2 x 2 design. 3. Half the rats were fed chronic dietary lithium, while the other half ate regular chow. Half of each group were exposed to one hour immobilization, while the other half remained in their home cages until the test. Activity was measured for 20 min in an automated activity meter. 4. Stress significantly reduced activity, but a significant interaction between stress and lithium was found, indicating that lithium attenuated the effect of stress. 5. Lithium-induced attenuation of immobilization stress may serve as an animal model for the anti-depressant effects of lithium.
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PMID:Lithium attenuates hypokinesia induced by immobilization stress in rats. 858 84

Motor activity was quantitatively assessed over a period of 5 days using a wrist-worn activity monitor in 14 patients with Huntington's disease (of whom 4 used neuroleptic drugs) and 14 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Additionally, patients were rated for dementia, depression, clinical impairment of motor tasks, chorea, and disability. A significant decrease in daytime motor activity was observed in patients compared with controls, suggesting hypokinesia rather than hyperkinesia. Hypokinesia tended to be more severe in patients using neuroleptic drugs. Lower activity levels were significantly related to lower scores of functional disability, but not to other clinical measures. We conclude that hypokinesia is a prominent manifestation in Huntington's disease that is worsened by the use of neuroleptics.
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PMID:Hypokinesia in Huntington's disease. 881 17

The aim of this short review was to collate the data involving the effects of lithium alone, or in combination, with antidepressant drugs in several animal models of depression. It has been shown that lithium administration reduced immobility in the mouse forced swimming test when given 30 min, but not 45 min, before testing. Further studies indicated that this activity was probably a result of an activity on serotonin (5-HT) 1A and 1B receptor subtypes. Lithium treatment has been shown to reverse helpless behaviour in the learned helplessness model of depression after chronic treatment (30 days), where lithium was administered in the drinking water. Further studies showed that acute (5 days) administration of lithium failed to reverse behavioural deficits. In the olfactory bulbectomised rat model of depression, several immunological and enzymatic functions have been shown to be altered and these changes are regularised by antidepressant treatment as well as lithium administration for 15 days. Hypokinesia (reduced locomotor activity) is a phenomenon observed following immobilisation stress in rats. This behavioural deficit was attenuated by lithium together with a wide range of antidepressant drugs used in the treatment of unipolar depression at non-stimulant doses. In addition, a single administration of lithium slightly inhibited midbrain raphe lesion-induced muricidal behaviour (25%); however, repeated treatment (5 days) significantly attenuated this behavioural deficit. Lithium treatment has also been shown to reverse behavioural and biochemical deficits induced by reserpine together with those induced by acute administration of single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) dose of the Na, K-ATPase-inhibiting compound, ouabain. Long-term studies of lithium augmentation have not been performed, so that no clear recommendations for the duration of this therapy can be made. The points raised in this short review endorse the commencement of such studies.
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PMID:The effect of lithium administration in animal models of depression: a short review. 1039 5

Voluntary motor impairment is a functionally important aspect of Huntington's disease (HD). Therefore, quantitative assessment of disturbed voluntary movement might be important in follow-up. We investigated the relation between quantitatively assessed daytime motor activity and symptom severity in HD and evaluated whether assessment of daytime motor activity is a responsive measure in the follow-up of patients. Sixty-four consecutive HD patients and 67 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were studied. Daytime motor activity was recorded using a wrist-worn activity monitor that counts all movements during a period of five consecutive days. Patients were rated clinically for voluntary motor impairment, dyskinesias, posture & gait, depression, cognitive impairment and functional capacity. Follow-up was available from 40 patients (mean follow-up 2.0 years) and 29 controls (mean follow-up 5.9 years). Despite chorea, patients had less daytime motor activity than controls (P < 0.005). This hypokinesia correlated with impaired voluntary movements (r = 0.37; P < 0.01), disturbed posture & gait (r = 0.38; P < 0.005) and especially with reduced functional capacity (r = 0.51; P < 0.0005). During follow-up, hypokinesia remained unchanged in clinically stable patients, but became worse in those whose functional disability progressed (P < 0.005). Hypokinesia seems a core symptom of HD which is related to functional capacity. Actimetric assessment of hypokinesia is responsive to disease progression and can be used as an objective tool for follow-up.
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PMID:Quantitative assessment of daytime motor activity provides a responsive measure of functional decline in patients with Huntington's disease. 1139 42

Thyroid dysfunction is a well-known contributor to psychiatric morbidity. To investigate the mechanism(s) by which thyroid hormone availability affects cerebral activity, a group of thyroidectomized individuals were studied at two points in time: when markedly hypothyroid in preparation for a thyroid cancer metastatic survey and when clinically and/or biochemically euthyroid. The analysis consisted of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using a lipophilic radiopharmaceutical, technetium-99m (Tc-99m) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD), and measurement of mood, anxiety, and psychomotor function, at both points in time. Both increases and decreases in regional cerebral radiotracer activity were found in the hypothyroid condition relative to the euthyroid condition, and the neuropsychological assessment demonstrated significantly greater depression, anxiety, and psychomotor slowing during the hypothyroid state. Increased radiotracer activity was seen in frontal and temporal regions, posterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, and putamen. Decreased activity was seen in the occipital cortex, and the pre- and postcentral gyri. This distribution pattern is partially consistent with findings in persons with depression and anxiety unrelated to thyroid disease, supporting the link between the symptoms observed in our subjects and their marked hypothyroidism. Finally, these results support the need to consider the effect of the thyroid state on cellular mechanisms of uptake and retention of cerebral blood flow radiopharmaceuticals when studying 'noneuthyroid' individuals.
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PMID:Cerebral accumulation of Tc-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD) in severe, transient hypothyroidism. 1607 89

Several studies have indicated that depressive states may lead to hypokinesia with diminished metabolic rate and energy use. Hypokinesia associated with certain eating behaviors may lead to an unfavorable energy balance that can contribute to the emergence and prevalence of obesity among children and adults. The purpose of the present study was to examine the possibility of reducing depression inventory scores in female adolescents with third-degree obesity while testing the effectiveness of different exercise programs in reducing anxiety and depression scores. The sample consisted of 40 female subjects (mean age 16 +/- 1.56 years) divided into 4 groups (aerobic training, anaerobic training, leisure activities, and control). Subjects had a body mass index of 95% or more in relation to the 50th percentile. The aerobic program consisted of three ergometric bicycle sessions per week over a 3-month period (12 weeks) and the activities were prescribed after determining the anaerobic ventilatory threshold (VO2 threshold). Anaerobic training was based on the Wingate anaerobic power test. The leisure program consisted of a varied range of activities (games, exercises, etc.). A nutritionist interviewed the members of these two groups and the control group every week in order to adapt them to the nutritional guidelines proposed for the study. The study showed that all three programs (aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise and leisure activities) were effective in reducing body mass. However, we found a significant reduction when analyzing the depression scores only for aerobic exercise (18.9 +/- 9.33 to 10.6 +/- 9.56 or 43.9%) but no significant alterations for anaerobic exercise (11.36 +/- 5.23 to 9.63 +/- 4.78 or 15.22%) and leisure (17.28 +/- 7.55 to 15.07 +/- 7.54 or 12.78%), thus indicating that in principle this type of activity could be included to improve emotional well-being of obese adolescent girls.
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PMID:Effects of type of physical exercise and leisure activities on the depression scores of obese Brazilian adolescent girls. 1625 39

A dopaminergic deficiency in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) causes abnormalities of movement, behaviour, learning, and emotions. The main motor features (ie, tremor, rigidity, and akinesia) are associated with a deficiency of dopamine in the posterior putamen and the motor circuit. Hypokinesia and bradykinesia might have a dual anatomo-functional basis: hypokinesia mediated by brainstem mechanisms and bradykinesia by cortical mechanisms. The classic pathophysiological model for PD (ie, hyperactivity in the globus pallidus pars interna and substantia nigra pars reticulata) does not explain rigidity and tremor, which might be caused by changes in primary motor cortex activity. Executive functions (ie, planning and problem solving) are also impaired in early PD, but are usually not clinically noticed. These impairments are associated with dopamine deficiency in the caudate nucleus and with dysfunction of the associative and other non-motor circuits. Apathy, anxiety, and depression are the main psychiatric manifestations in untreated PD, which might be caused by ventral striatum dopaminergic deficit and depletion of serotonin and norepinephrine. In this Review we discuss the motor, cognitive, and psychiatric manifestations associated with the dopaminergic deficiency in the early phase of the parkinsonian state and the different circuits implicated, and we propose distinct mechanisms to explain the wide clinical range of PD symptoms at the time of diagnosis.
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PMID:Initial clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease: features and pathophysiological mechanisms. 1990 11


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