Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Of 230 adults admitted for self poisoning over two months, 153 (67%) had previously been taking a total of 309 prescribed drugs. Of these patients, 119 (78%) had been given psychotropic drugs (usually benzodiazepines), 81 (53%) obtained them on repeat prescription, and 47 (31%) had been prescribed multiple psychotropic drugs, often in seemingly illogical combinations. The use of these drugs increased progressively with age and most patients took the same drugs in overdosage as they had been prescribed. Psychotropic drugs were prescribed for more than a third of patients with no psychiatric illness and a normal personality, nearly half of those with existing alcohol or drug abuse problems, and for most of the unemployed. Fewer than a third of the patients suffering from depression were prescribed antidepressants but half had been given benzodiazepines and other potentially depressing drugs. Psychotropic drug use, psychotropic polypharmacy, and the repeat prescribing of these drugs were strongly associated with repeated overdosage and, under certain circumstances, with personality disorder, alcohol or drug abuse, unemployment, and conflict with the law. In the long term psychotropic drugs are unlikely to benefit most self poisoners, and they may do positive harm by inducing apathy and depression and predisposing to self poisoning. The incidence of self poisoning (and repeat overdosage in particular) might be reduced by more care and restraint in the prescribing of these drugs.
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PMID:Drugs prescribed for self poisoners. 392

The prevalence of depressive and other symptoms were studied in Finnish men aged 65 to 84 years and living either in eastern (n = 310) or in southwestern (n = 378) Finland. The Zung self-rating depression scale showed depressed affect, fatigue and suicidal thoughts to be more common in the east, but indecisiveness to be more prevalent in the south-west. The mean of the sum scores in the Zung scale was 37.8 (+/- 8.4) for the eastern and 37.2 (+/- 8.3) for the south-western population, and no differences were found between the areas in this respect. However, many of the other symptoms, including somatic and psychosomatic (such as pains, dyspnea, nausea, impaired memory, apathy, itching skin and sight disturbances) were more common among men living in eastern Finland. The former findings support the idea that there are differences in the affects between men living in the east and men living in the south-west, but, as a whole, depressive symptoms are equally prevalent in both elderly male populations. The latter finding may reflect the well-known differences in the prevalences of somatic diseases between these two areas.
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PMID:Prevalence of depressive and other symptoms in elderly Finnish men. 396 9

In dealing with our multiple sclerosis (MS) patients concomitant and consecutive symptoms of a psychical nature also deserve appropriate consideration in addition to the variety of somatic symptoms. In the following synopsis, numerous and in part divergent findings - observations, hospital statistics as well as psychodiagnostic test results - concerning the psychopathology of MS are presented. A multiplicity of mental changes, depending upon the variability of the disease process and its course, can be noticed. Over the past century euphoria was long regarded as the psychopathological trait of MS. Along with transitions in patient populations in the meantime hardly more euphoric than depressive moods are registered. Euphoric mood aberrations are to be regarded as substrate dependent disturbances, which deteriorate parallel to disease duration and severity. Intellectual dysfunctions as well as topical brain symptoms (so-called "instrumental disabilities"), obsessive laughing and crying also reflect the basic organic process. Concerning other symptoms such as depression or dysphoria, emotional lability or lack of drive, at its extreme apathy, one cannot definitely determine to what extent - in view of a multidimensional approach - these are to be regarded as mental correlates of the disease process, or as individual reactions to the disease along with considerable social consequences. Psychoses, rarely occurring in MS, can be classified either as organic, or, in seldom cases, as a fortuitous coincidence of MS and endogenous psychosis.
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PMID:[Psychological changes in multiple sclerosis]. 397 31

Episodes of depression and acute psychosis in two patients receiving propranolol hydrochloride are described, and the literature on propranolol-induced depression and psychosis is reviewed. A 42-year-old woman developed severe depression, marked apathy, social withdrawal, and anorexia after taking propranolol hydrochloride (80 mg/day) for three months to control her hypertension. Five days after the dose was reduced to 40 mg/day, there was a major improvement in her depressive symptoms, with a complete resolution in eight days. Upon rechallenge with 80 mg/day of propranolol, she again experienced depressive symptoms. Atenolol 50 mg/day was substituted for the propranolol therapy, and she exhibited a complete remission of her depression. The second patient was a 63-year-old man who had been taking propranolol hydrochloride 160 mg/day for three months without incident. Because of an increased frequency of anginal attacks, the dosage was increased to 240 mg/day. Within two days, he demonstrated such agitation, excitement, and combativeness that he had to be controlled with a 25-mg dose of methotrimeprazine. When the propranolol dose was reduced to 160 mg/day, his psychotic symptoms rapidly cleared. However, when the dose was subsequently increased to 200 mg/day, he again showed increased agitation. After substituting atenolol 100 mg/day for propranolol, the patient's mental status returned to normal. Both of these patients experienced symptoms that were temporarily associated with propranolol. Both patients were subsequently controlled without symptoms with atenolol therapy. Propranolol is a highly lipophilic beta blocker that achieves high concentrations in the brain. When continued beta-blocking therapy is necessary or beta blockade is indicated, a weakly lipophilic agent such as atenolol is indicated.
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PMID:Propranolol-induced depression and psychosis. 398 22

To effectively care for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) the practitioner must be able to understand the common psychologic sequellae. These include not only those engendered by the patient's reaction to the disease, but also those reflecting alterations in central nervous system function. Although research literature on MS has many pitfalls and the quality of the results is thus uneven, important psychologic aspects of MS that have been consistently reported are depression and anxiety, euphoria, often in association with some degree of dementia, denial of illness or of impairments, irritability and apathy, coexisting psychiatric disorders, and cognitive impairment, particularly involving sensorimotor function, primary memory, and conceptual ability.
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PMID:Multiple sclerosis: understanding the psychologic implications. 401 81

This paper reviews the diagnosis and treatment of geriatric patients. Careful distinction between true depression and dysphoria or normal sadness and thoughts of death among elderly patients must be made. The dexamethasone suppression test is useful in such a distinction in older patients, although its usefulness in younger adults is less certain. The aging process alters the pharmacokinetics of cyclic antidepressants. In particular, metabolism is delayed so that accumulation in the blood stream occurs, leading to prolonged elimination half-life. Side effect patterns of the cyclic antidepressants suggest that secondary amines are less toxic as a group than tertiary amines, and thus may be preferred as the treatments of first choice. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are underutilized in the treatment of depressed older patients and should be considered, particularly when the depression includes symptoms of apathy and anergia. Special attention must be paid to the depressed elderly patient with cardiovascular disease or hypertension. Suggestions for treatment are provided.
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PMID:Clinical guidelines for the use of antidepressant drugs in geriatric patients. 404 42

The effects of 33% nitrous oxide on the two components of the blink reflex were studied on seven healthy volunteers. The blink responses were elicited by a supraorbital nerve stimulation and recorded from the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. The intensity of stimulation was chosen at two to three times the reflex threshold in order to obtain stable suprathreshold reflex responses as well as a tolerable pain sensation reported by the volunteers. Nitrous oxide administration resulted in a potent depression of the two components of the blink reflex. This depressive effect was more marked upon the late (R2) nociceptive component (83%) than upon the early (R1) component (41%). Simultaneously, subjects reported either a decrease in pain sensation or an indifference toward the painful stimulus. None of these effects were reversed by a double-blind intravenous naloxone (1.4 mg) injection. The analgesic effect of nitrous oxide is a nonspecific depressant action on the transmission of the nociceptive messages in central nervous structures, independent of pain-suppressive endogenous morphine-like systems.
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PMID:Failure of naloxone to reverse the nitrous oxide-induced depression of a brain stem reflex: an electrophysiologic and double-blind study in humans. 405 Dec 11

Two groups of five female store pigs, weighing an average of 60 kg at the start of the experiment, were given either 1 or 10 mg metallibure zinc complex (SUISYNCHRON) per kg body weight once daily for six months, in the form of a 2% talcum premix added to concentrates. Clinical inspection, weight gain, haematological findings, blood sugar, serum transaminases, properties of urine and faeces, carcass examination and histological study (internal organs, endocrine glands, skeletal muscle) showed that the 1 mg/kg dosage had no toxic effect. The 10 mg/kg dosage resulted in considerable depression in appetite and some apathy in the pigs, but there was no evidence of a toxic effect.
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PMID:[Effect of long-term application of SUISYNCHRON-premix on swine]. 421 72

Apathetic thyrotoxicosis is an atypical though not rare manifestation of hyperthyroidism. The cardinal features are apathy and depression, as opposed to hyperkinesis and mental alertness in the usual thyrotoxic patient, and are unassociated with the usual signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism, making the diagnosis difficult. We report three cases of apathetic thyrotoxicosis seen during one year.
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PMID:Apathetic thyrotoxicosis. 442 Aug 12

Progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele et al.) has a characteristic pattern of dementia: (1) forgetfulness, (2) slowing of thought processes, (3) emotional or personality changes (apathy or depression with occasional outbursts of irritability), and (4) impaired ability to manipulate acquired knowledge. In many neurological disease states associated with subcortical pathology a similar pattern of dementia exists. The neurobehavioural changes of progressive supranuclear palsy thus typify a clinical pattern which may be referred to as subcortical dementia. The subcortical dementias have a striking clinical resemblance to the dementia which occurs after bifrontal lobe disease. However, the subcortical dementias can be clearly distinguished clinically from cortical dementias, other than frontal dementias. We propose as a tentative hypothesis that there may be common pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the subcortical dementias-in particular, disturbances of timing and activation. There are immediate practical implications of this hypothesis: drugs which have an effect on subcortical timing and activating mechanisms may be useful in the treatment of subcortical dementias.
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PMID:The 'subcortical dementia' of progressive supranuclear palsy. 481 5


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