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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Functional overlay is not a recognized psychiatric diagnosis. Evaluating functional overlay and differentiating between this concept and organic conditions is important in medicolegal areas in which financial values are placed on pain and disability. Functional overlay is not malingering: the former is based on preconscious or unconscious mechanisms, the latter is consciously induced. In considering psychologic reactions to pain and disability, a gradient of simulation, malingering, symptom exaggeration, overvaluation, functional overlay and hysteria is useful. The dynamics of overlay are a combination of anxiety from body-image distortion and depression from decreased efficiency of the body, as well as the resulting psychosocial disruption in a patient's life.
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PMID:Functional overlay: an illegitimate diagnosis? 51 98

This study was done to characterize changes in patient behavior during specific time periods immediately before first, second, third, and fourth episodes of depression. Forty-three patients from a group of 154 depressed patients examined in an earlier study developed 59 subsequent episodes of depression, and these were the patients used in this study. Suitable age and sex matched controls were also examined for the same time periods. The depressed patients and controls were patients in a rural solo practice. The depressed patients showed increased number of patient initiated visits, increased incidence of hospitalization, increased number of functional complaints, increased number of pain complaints, and increased feelings of tension as compared to controls during the seven months prior to the diagnosis date of the first and each succeeding episode of depression. The study results indicate that increased numbers of office visits, functional complaints, pain complaints, and anxiety complaints can be harbingers of a clinical depression, whether it be the index (first) or a subsequent depressive illness.
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PMID:Depression in family practice: changes in pattern of patient visits and complaints during subsequent developing depressions. 52 63

The effect of stimulation in nucleus raphe magnus on neurones in the spinal trigeminal nucleus was studied in decerebrate cats. Short trains of raphe stimulation reduced or abolished the responses of neurones in nucleus oralis and nucleus caudalis to nociceptor stimulation (tooth pulp or cornea) but had a much weaker or insignificant effect on responses to non-noxious inputs (hair movement or low intensity stimulation of the infraorbital nerve). Maximum inhibition was seen 10--50 msec following the raphe stimulation and persisted up to 300 msec. The depression of neuronal responses was paralleled by an increase in the threshold of the jaw-opening reflex evoked by tooth pulp stimulation. The relation to stimulus-produced analgesia is discussed.
Pain 1979 Oct
PMID:Inhibitory effects of nucleus raphe magnus on neuronal responses in the spinal trigeminal nucleus to nociceptive compared with non-nociceptive inputs. 52 71

A group of moderately to severely depressed individuals with moderate anxiety were studied to determine the frequency and nature of pain complaints and their response to doxepin. It was discovered that 100% of these subjects had chronic pain complaints, most of which paralleled the course of depression. Headache was most commonly noted. Doxepin's analgesic effects were intimately associated with its antidepressant effects. There was a highly significant relationship between improvement of depression and reduction of pain on doxepin (P less than 0.005). Conversely, patients who obtained minimal antidepressant effect also obtained minimal analgesic effect. Psychophysiologic and biochemical hypotheses of this association of pain and depression are discussed.
Pain 1979 Dec
PMID:The effectiveness of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of coexisting pain and depression. 53 Jul 39

This study tested the hypothesis that, patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), there is a primary hyperalgesia of the colon. Previous work, which examined these patients and normals, has not included subjects who provide a control for relevant psychological characteristics. We compared ratings of pain, following varying degrees of distension of the sigmoid colon, in normals, patients with IBS, and patients who were psychologically disturbed but without bowel symptoms. Psychological characteristics were assessed by a psychiatric interview and psychometric inventories; response to distension was tested by placing a tube in the rectosigmoid colon and successively inflating a nd deflating a balloon at its tip at 10 cm3 increments up to 50 cm3. Ratings of pain were recorded at each volume. The results indicated that the two patient groups were psychologically similar and both were more disturbed than normals. A linear relation was found between reports of pain and volume of distension in all three groups. There were no significant differences between the proportions of subjects experiencing pain in each group or the average of the ratings. There were no significant associations between the pain ratings and measures of anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and extraversion. The data do not support the hypothesis that colonic hyperalgesia is an important contributory factor in the etiology of the irritable bowel syndrome.
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PMID:Irritable bowel syndrome: a test of the colonic hyperalgesia hypothesis. 53 39

In a patient with hyperparathyroidism (HPT) two neck explorations with identification of three normal parathyroid glands were carried out. Cervical and mediastinal vein catheterization with blood sampling for determination of parathyroid hormone (PTH) confirmed drainage of large amounts of PTH to a mediastinal vein. Two thoracic explorations were negative anterior and posterior mediastinum). The operations were performed during 1971 and 1978 and extensive, progrediating decalcification with brown tumour formation was radiologically demonstrated during that time. Diminished renal function, skeleton pain and mental depression necessitated a last exploration, at which a 2 cm large parathyroid adenoma was found in the left carotid sheath just below the left mastoid process. The adenoma was drained into mediastinal veins through long anastomotic branches.
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PMID:Hyperparathyroidism--a life-threatening disease in 1978. A case report. 53 42

Marked depression of locomotor activity was observed in writhing mice given acetic acid i.p. This depression of the activity was evidenced by a squatting posture in reaction to pain. The hypoactivity was reversed dose-dependently by nonnarcotic analgesics such as acetyl-salicylic acid, aminopyrine and mefenamic acid in smaller dosages than those obtained by the conventional writhing syndrome test, and was also reversed dose-dependently by narcotic analgesics such as morphine, pethidine and codeine. Consequently, this hypoactivity test proved to be useful for analgesics screening.
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PMID:A test for analgesics as an indicator of locomotor activity in writhing mice. 54 56

Thirty healthy term gravidas in active labor received a paracervical block (PCB) with the ester-type local anesthetic, 2-chloroprocaine (2CP). Good to excellent pain relief resulted in all but 1 case. The duration of action was short (mean 38.9 min), requiring repeat blocks in 6/30 cases. Fetal heart rate and uterine contractions were electronically monitored, and fetal acid-base status was periodically checked by fetal scalp pH measurements. PCB-related fetal bradycardia was observed in 3 cases, but in only 1 case was PCB the only cause for the bradycardia. Fetal acidosis was not observed. No instance of neonatal depression or acidosis as expressed by the 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores and cord blood acid-base evaluation was observed. No maternal complications were observed. It is concluded that paracervical block using 2CP is an effective though short-acting method of pain relief which, when properly monitored, is safe for both mother and fetus.
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PMID:Paracervical block with 2-chloroprocaine. 56 98

Marked disorders of energy metabolism in the heart muscle simultaneously with the development of ulcerous lesions of the stomach were revealed in animals which had suffered an emotional-pain stress (EPS). These disorders are displayed in the fact that two hours after EPS, the glycogen reserve in the animal's myocardium diminishes, resynthesis of glycogen and oxidation of the main substrates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are inhibited, and malate dehydrogenase and possibly other dehydrogenase systems of the mitochondria are partly inactivated. Such decrease in the activity of the metabolic tracts is attended by depression of the force and rate of cardiac contractions revealed on inducing a high rate of contractions. The preliminary administration of sodium gammaoxybutyrate to a considerable extent prevents all the changes in the animal's myocardium occurring due to the effect of EPS.
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PMID:[Myocardial energy metabolic disorders in emotional-pain stress and the prevention of these disorders by using sodium gamma-oxybutyrate]. 56 26

Diurnal rhythm of plasma cortisol, of psychological state, and of pain was measured for two days in 25 migraine patients and eight control subjects. Fourteen of the migraine patients and none of the controls displayed either consistently high plasma cortisol or an occasional aberrant peak. Abnormal psychological findings, particularly depression, were found in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory only in migraine patients with abnormal plasma cortisol levels. Neither psychological abnormality nor pain seemed the single cause of elevation of plasma cortisol.
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PMID:Circadian rhythms of plasma cortisol in migraine. 57 80


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