Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Some common, yet erroneous, attitudes and perceptions about stroke still persist. These warrant reconsideration: (1) benefits of stroke rehabilitation (including validity of its basis, life expectancy, adequacy in nursing homes, outcome prediction, cost benefits, and vocational outcome); (2) gait training (including evaluation methods, gait patterns, hand supports, sensory deficits, and types of braces); (3) effects of training on regaining balance; (4) spasticity (as a negative factor, enhancement by spring-action brace, benefit of inhibition training, and importance of antispasmotic drugs); (5) danger of early activity; (6) depression; (7) effects on patients' sexuality; (8) effects of communication impairments on learning abilities as well as effectiveness of speech therapy; (9) application of neurphysiological principles (regarding decreasing synaptic resistance, applications of principles from cerebral palsy training, and benefits of training for percept-concept-motor function deficits); and (10) research including reliability of past reports and paucity of facilities for new research.
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PMID:Stroke rehabilitation: a reconsideration of some common attitudes. 41 97

Dantrolene sodium is a muscle relaxant used in the treatment of spasticity. It has been shown to interfere with calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and thus to inhibit excitation--contraction coupling. The effect of dantrolene sodium on the twitch tension of the tibialis anterior muscle of the rat was measured after 2 mg/kg i.v. or 25 mg/kg orally. Plasma concentrations were estimated at maximum twitch depression and during recovery from the block. In a separate series of experiments the half-life of labelled dantrolene sodium was measured in blood plasma, skeletal muscle and heart muscle of rats. Dantrolene sodium 2 mg/kg i.v. gave a maximal block of approximately 47%, the mean dantrolene sodium concentration was then 5.8 microgram/ml. A half-life for distribution of 1.1 min and an elimination half-life of 31 min after intravenous administration were observed, elimination rate constants in skeletal and heart muscle were comparable. Recovery from the block went much slower, the half-time of the process being approximately 80 min. Dantrolene sodium 25 mg/kg orally gave a maximal block of approximately 38% at a mean plasma concentration of 3.6 microgram/ml after 14 min. The recovery was again very slow. These experiments demonstrated that dantrolene sodium acts according to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. There was a discrepancy between duration of effect and plasma concentration of dantrolene sodium in the rat. This suggests that the receptor for dantrolene sodium is not located in the central compartment.
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PMID:The effect of dantrolene sodium on rat skeletal muscle in relation to the plasma concentration. 42 31

Dantrolen sodium is a muscle relaxant, which is used in the treatment of spasticity. Although it is given chronically, little is known about its pharmacokinetic behaviour. The relationship between the effect of a single oral dose of dantrolene sodium and its plasma concentration in healthy volunteers was studied by measuring the effect on the twitch tension, and in spastic patients on the decrease in muscle hypertonia. On the twitch tension dantrolene gave a depression of 49.1 +/- 9.4% (+/- DS) within 1.15 and 3.45 h after ingestion of 100 mg. The mean maximal plasma concentration was 1.24 +/- 0.32 microgram/ml (+/- SD). The effect and the plasma concentration were correlated. No relationship between the plasma concentration of dantrolene sodium and its effect could be established in patients, although definite activity in 6 out of 7 patients was observed after a single oral dose of 100 mg, and plasma concentration of dantrolene sodium greater than 0.3 microgram/ml were consistenly associated with better results than placebo treatment in 6 out of 7 patients.
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PMID:Relationship between plasma concentration and effect of dantrolene sodium in man. 49 21

Groups of patients with intractable epilepsy or spasticity of varying etiologies underwent psychological testing before and during chronic cerebellar cortex stimulation, a neurosurgical technique designed for the relief of these symptoms. The battery of psychological tests permitted a standardized assessment of intellectual, memory, and perceptual functions. Other behavioral dimensions were assessed through structured interviews. No apparent declines in higher integrative functions followed shorter or longer term cerebellar stimulation. In contrast, stimulated patients tended to show increments in tests of recent memory and verbal output beyond that of unoperated comparison groups. Subjective reports of increased "alertness" and reduced depression and anxiety were also frequently given. Psychological and neural factors may both contribute to the observed behavioral alterations. It was concluded that the cerebellum participates in behavioral functions by modifying cortical and subcortical mechanisms relevant to integrative behavior and emotions. Specific hypotheses were presented.
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PMID:A psychometric study of chronic cerebellar stimulation in man. 78 83

A systematic search for cases of adult-onset hereditary ataxia was conducted on location in Scotland. The investigation resulted in the discovery of eight pedigrees with 42 patients of whom 16 were alive in 1975. Nine patients were examined by the authors and recent hospital records were available on the remaining seven. The clinical features were quite variable. In declining order of frequency, findings were gait and limb ataxia, dysarthria, hyperreflexia, extrapyramidal motor disturbances, impaired vibratory sense, spasticity, defects of extraocular movements and nystagmus, reflex depression, Babinski signs, impaired joint position sense, muscle weakness, optic atrophy, and mental abnormalities. Foot deformity occurred only once. Inheritance was compatible with autosomal dominant transmission, but complicated by consanguinity in two families. The minimum prevalence was calculated as 0.31/100,000. Autopsy in two members in one family revealed olivopontocerebellar degeneration.
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PMID:Adult-onset hereditary ataxia in Scotland. 90 33

Dantrolene sodium (Dantrium) is a skeletal muscle relaxant, unique in that it acts on the muscle itself. It should be considered for use in patients with skeletal muscle spasticity who are in a stable neurological state. After careful adjustment of the dose, a substantial number of such patients will experience one or more of the following benefits: (1) a reduction in pain, (2) an increased ability to make use of residual motor function, (3) a reduction in the level of nursing care required, (4) an increased ability to utilize devices, and (5) an increased ability to participate in rehabilitation. The drug should not be used when reduced spasticity will decrease functional ability. The adverse effects generally are transient; some are the result of central nervous system depression.
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PMID:Evaluation of a muscle relaxant: dantrolene sodium (Dantrium). 108 67

In nine cases of phencyclidine hydrochloride poisoning, early signs of overdose included drowsiness, nystagmus, miotic pupils, blood pressure elevation, increased deep tendon reflexes, ataxia, anxiety, and agitation. In more severe cases, seizures, spasticity, and opisthotonos were seen in addition to deep coma and respiratory depression. Treatment included removal by emetics or lavage, hydration, and a quiet, reassuring environment. Spasticity, agitation, and ocular manifestions responded to diazepam. Psychiatric intervention was instituted after the patients were stable and no longer agitated.
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PMID:Phencyclidine. Nine cases of poisoning. 124 71

Longitudinal data and clinical experience indicate that a greater proportion of spinal cord injuries result in incomplete or resolving neurological lesions. Although it has been reported that persons with incomplete injuries enjoy better functional outcomes, routine contacts with these individuals indicate that many experience problems and complications strikingly similar to those with complete spinal cord injuries. Thus, to document the issues and needs of these individuals, data from Colorado's population-based spinal cord injury surveillance program were analyzed. Of 330 persons registered since January 1, 1986, 121 (37%) were found to be minimally disabled (Frankel class D or E). Review of medical records and follow up documentation for these individuals indicated that although over 75% were ambulatory and virtually all were physically independent, more than 80% did report problems in one or more areas: 21% had orthopedic issues and 17% faced additional spinal surgery; 16% reported neurological deterioration or increased spasticity; 25% had pain problems; and 16% had bladder difficulties. Other issues included bowel problems, blood pressure abnormalities, skin breakdown, sexual difficulties, depression, and unemployability. Implications for rehabilitation are discussed in the light of these and other findings.
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PMID:Health and psychosocial issues of individuals with incomplete and resolving spinal cord injuries. 162 99

Short, rapid dorsiflexion of the normal human ankle induces a single, synchronised reflex EMG response in the initially relaxed triceps surae muscle (TS). In subjects in whom hemiparesis is present as a result of a unilateral ischaemic cerebral lesion, a reflex EMG response can be elicited on either side with timing identical to that of the normal response. The magnitude of the response in hemiparetic subjects, however, differs from the normal on both the side contralateral and that ipsilateral to the causative lesion. Furthermore, the magnitude of this response varies over the time-course of spasticity. Contralaterally to the lesion, a gradual increase in the magnitude of the response to imposed displacement occurs. One year after stroke, the response has reached a level significantly larger than normal. Changes in the magnitude of the contralateral Achilles tendon jerk reflex EMG are apparent earlier than changes in the response to imposed displacement, with exaggerated tendon jerks already being apparent between 1 and 3 months after stroke. On the side ipsilateral to the lesion, a profound depression of the response to imposed displacement is visible as early as a month after stroke. This depression diminishes over the 1st year, but the response has not even then returned to normal values. These changes are not reflected in the ipsilateral tendon jerk response, which remains normal throughout this period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The time-course of bilateral changes in the reflex excitability of relaxed triceps surae muscle in human hemiparetic spasticity. 191 13

Pharmacological interest in the tripeptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is due to the multiple effects it produces. In fact, apart from taking part in regulating the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis, TRH produces various neuropharmacological effects which indicate a biological role that is probably more important than that of a releasing hormone. Trials performed in animals have shown, for example, the dose-dependent capacity of TRH to induce analgesia, probably by interacting with the opioid peptide system. Motor activity is affected by TRH. In fact this tripeptide elicits an increase in spontaneous motor and explorative activities by interacting with the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system at the nucleus accumbens level. The neuropharmacological activities of TRH include an interesting arousal effect and an analeptic action on generalized depression of the CNS whether this depression is of natural origin, such as hibernation, or induced pharmacologically (barbiturates, ethanol) or of a traumatic origin (coma). This analeptic action is attributable to stimulation of cholinergic neurons in the septo-hippocampal area and to the presence of terminals containing TRH in the lateral septum and TRH receptors concentrated especially in the medial septum and diagonal band of Broca. It has also been suggested that TRH localized in the pineal gland has a part in activating the neuronal mechanisms of arousal. Associated with the arousal effect and especially evident in variously originated shock conditions are the activating effects of TRH on vegetative functions (body temperature, circulation, the gastrointestinal tract). These stimulatory activities on the CNS were the rationale for therapeutic use of TRH in the initial treatment of coma due to brain trauma and for the treatment of endogenous depression. A most interesting property of TRH is that of counteracting the neurological deficit due to experimental lesion of the spinal cord particularly with regard to spasticity and ataxia. Electrophysiological trials have shown that TRH depolarizes the motoneurons in frog spinal cord thereby increasing the monosynaptic reflex. Furthermore, TRH has recently been shown to have a trophic effect on cultures of rat fetus spinal cord. On this basis TRH has been used successfully for the treatment of amyotropic lateral sclerosis (Charcot's syndrome) and spinocerebellar degeneration. Further support for this therapeutic strategy is given by the demonstration that deafferentiation of rat spinal cord produces an increased density of TRH spinal receptors. Recent studies have also given encouraging results on the possible therapeutic use of TRH for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Pharmacologic profile of protirelin tartrate]. 212 84


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