Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Of 467 cat serums tested for antibody to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) 120 (26%) were positive. The average age of positive cats was 7.5 years (range 1 to 16 years), and 67% were male. Of 110 serums collected in 1980, 27 (24.5%) were positive. A wide variety of clinical signs including oral cavity disease, anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, depression, fever, respiratory and urinary tract disease, conjunctivitis, abscesses, anaemia and lymphadenopathy were observed in the cats with serum antibody. There was often a history of chronic disease or recurrence of particular or various clinical signs in these cats. FIV was isolated from 4 of 8 FIV antibody positive cats by cocultivation of patient lymphocytes with donor lymphocytes in the presence of interleukin 2.
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PMID:Feline immunodeficiency virus: prevalence, disease associations and isolation. 216 64

Delirium, an acute confusional state, is an organic brain syndrome that manifests deficits in attention, irrelevant or rambling speech, and other cognitive deficits. Its symptoms often fluctuate over the course of the day, and patients may be hyperactive--for example, restless and screaming--or hypoactive--for example, quiet, inactive, and stuporous. Occurring in approximately 20% of hospitalized elderly patients, delirium is the most common psychiatric syndrome in acutely ill general medical and surgical patients. Fifteen to 30% of delirious patients expire, and others are prone to a variety of complications: falls, pressure ulcers, oversedation, dehydration, and others. Almost any acute illness can cause delirium in the elderly, but the most common offenders are acute infections and drugs. Many patients have a pre-existing dementia. The first step in arriving at a correct diagnosis is to distinguish delirium from other psychiatric syndromes that can cause confusion, such as dementia, depression, schizophrenia, and mania. Once delirium is established, a comprehensive general examination and a mental status examination is required. Routine laboratory and radiologic tests are directed at the common metabolic and infectious disorders that precipitate delirium. Treatment is directed at the underlying acute illness. In all patients, it is important (1) to treat the underlying acute illness, (2) to provide appropriate fluid and electrolytes, (3) to discontinue any unnecessary drugs, and (4) to allay the patient's fear and agitation through the use of simple, repetitive instructions, orientation cues, and by limiting the use of physical restraints. If psychotropic medications are needed to treat psychotic symptoms, to prevent patients from harming themselves or others, or to facilitate necessary diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, then haloperidol is the drug of choice in most instances. Drugs with anticholinergic properties should be avoided.
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PMID:Delirium in the elderly. 218 81

Similar symptomatology has been described for both seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and atypical depression. For example, hyperphagia, hypersomnia, and intense lethargy are common to both, suggesting that they might be subtypes of the same disorder. If SAD and atypical depression are different manifestations of the same underlying pathophysiology, treatment effective for one might also benefit the other. Bright artificial lights (2500 lux, 6-8 a.m. and p.m.) were significantly less effective in treating eight patients diagnosed as having atypical depression without a seasonal pattern than 25 SAD patients. Differential treatment outcome suggests that SAD and atypical depression are separate disorders.
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PMID:Is seasonal affective disorder a variant of atypical depression? Differential response to light therapy. 224 88

A porcine strain of Pasteurella multocida (serotype D:3) produced a toxin causing turbinate atrophy (TA) in pigs. The toxin (TAT), processed on a high performance liquid chromatography size exclusion column, eluted as a single peak (molecular weight of about 160,000) containing trace amounts of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS; protein:LPS, 85:1). The eluted fraction migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single band. It could be prevented from dissociating into two prominent polypeptides by addition of a protease inhibitor. A single dose (2.0 to 79.0 micrograms/kg) of TAT given to pigs intravenously was lethal. Doses from 0.02 to 1.0 microgram/kg caused transient clinical signs of porcine systemic toxicosis with reduced appetite, generalized weakness, depression, lethargy, weight loss, and in some instances, death. Intradermal doses of TAT (greater than or equal to 0.1 microgram/site) produced hemorrhagic areas within four hours. Systemically, TAT causes bilateral TA, lymphopenia, liver dysfunctions, and possible renal impairment. Affinity of TAT for cells of epithelial origin was demonstrated in mice given 125I-TAT. In vitro, TAT stimulated DNA and protein syntheses of peripheral blood lymphocytes and suppressed syntheses in turbinate and kidney cell cultures without being cytolytic. Biological effects of TAT were eliminated by exposure to either heat, trypsin or anti-TAT antibody.
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PMID:Host response to Pasteurella multocida turbinate atrophy toxin in swine. 230 67

Clonidine is an antihypertensive agent with central and peripheral alpha-2 adrenergic effects. One of the postulated mechanisms of action is the release of endogenous opioids and/or the stimulation of opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Naloxone, a pure opioid antagonist, has demonstrated reversal effects from clonidine intoxication. During the past 10 y, 25 children with a mean age of 2 y were admitted for clonidine intoxication. Dosage varied widely, but as little as 0.1 mg caused significant signs and symptoms. The most common presenting findings were somnolence-lethargy (96%), miosis (56%), and respiratory depression (48%), a paradoxical hypertensive response (44%) was more common than expected. Supportive management was the mainstay of therapy. Ten patients received naloxone, 50% demonstrated clinical improvement in vital signs and CNS depression. There were no complications as a result of naloxone therapy. Children seem to be unusually sensitive to the depressant effects of clonidine. Naloxone may be an important adjunct to therapy. Expect clonidine intoxications to become more common as the market for antihypertensive drugs expands.
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PMID:Pediatric clonidine intoxications. 235 31

Symptoms of so-called atypical depression, such as hypersomnia and lethargy, may accompany specific sleep disorders. It is often difficult to determine which disorder is "primary". The authors examine three cases of depression with atypical features associated with specific sleep disorders and report a favorable response to valproate. Some clinical features of the cases suggest a primary sleep disorder with secondary affective symptoms. However, valproate may have direct mood-altering effects as well as effects on sleep physiology. The implications of these findings for diagnosis and treatment are discussed.
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PMID:Sleep disorders and depression with atypical features: response to valproate. 250 91

Neurological symptoms including lethargy, obtundation, and confusion are early and common findings in patients with sepsis. The etiology of the mental status changes that occur during severe infection is not known. We investigated the effects of sepsis on the levels of high-energy phosphates to determine whether decreased energy metabolism was a factor in the depressed neurological state. The time course of changes in brain pH and brain high-energy phosphate metabolites during an Escherichia coli infusion was determined from sequential phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectra of ketamine-xylazine-anesthetized rats. A second group of rats received 0.9% saline infusion and served as a control group. Despite severe obtundation and near loss of righting reflex, the rats in the septic group had no significant differences in the brain pH, the ratio of phosphocreatine (PCr) to beta-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (beta-ATP), or in the ratio of PCr to Pi. The only significant decrease in brain high-energy phosphates or pH occurred terminally in the septic rat group and corresponded with a rapidly falling arterial blood pressure. We conclude that the severe neurological depression that is characteristic of sepsis is not due to decreased levels of brain high-energy phosphates or brain acidosis.
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PMID:An in vivo examination of rat brain during sepsis with 31P-NMR spectroscopy. 261 Feb 45

100 women consecutively referred to a gynaecological clinic with premenstrual problems were prospectively assessed by daily completion of a set of visual analogue scales (VAS). The relationship of their symptoms to menstrual cycle phase was quantified by calculating the percentage change in symptom intensity between the premenstrual week and the postmenstrual week and also during menstruation itself. The results indicated that the physical symptoms of breast discomfort and swelling were more closely related to menstrual cycle phase than were the psychological symptoms of tension, irritability or lethargy and depression. Only 32 of the women showed reduction of the premenstrual psychological symptoms by 75% or more during the postmenstrual week, while the corresponding degree of physical symptom relief was recorded by 62 women. For almost half the women, adverse mental symptoms reached their peak after the onset of menstrual bleeding. Significantly fewer of the women with almost total (75% or more) relief of their psychological symptoms postmenstrually had a history of psychiatric treatment, marital breakdown, or more than three children, compared with those whose symptoms were less completely relieved. The results suggest that a large proportion of women who experience premenstrual symptoms suffer a premenstrual and/or menstrual exacerbation of problems which are present throughout the cycle and are therefore unlikely to respond to hormonal manipulation.
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PMID:The characteristics of 100 women presenting to a gynecological clinic with premenstrual complaints. 263 46

Two-week repeated-dose and 13-week subchronic studies of HCBD were conducted in B6C3F1 mice. Groups of five mice/sex received 0, 30, 100, 300, 1,000, or 3,000 ppm HCBD in feed for 15 days. Toxic responses, primarily in the higher dose groups, included abnormal clinical signs (lethargy, hunched posture, rough coat, sensitivity to light, and/or incoordination), mortality (all mice in the top two dose groups died by day 7), body and organ weight depression, and gross and histopathological changes. The most prevalent microscopic lesion, seen in all HCBD-treated mice of both sexes, was renal tubular cell necrosis and/or regeneration. Regeneration was seen only in the lower dose groups. Thirteen-week studies were conducted in which groups of 10 mice/sex received 0, 1, 3, 10, 30, or 100 ppm HCBD in feed. No treatment-related clinical signs or mortality were observed. Body weight gain was reduced in the 30- and 100-ppm males (-49 and -56, respectively), and the 100-ppm females (-47). Significant reduction in kidney weights was seen in the 30- and 100-ppm males and 100-ppm females. A treatment-related increase in tubular cell regeneration in the renal cortex occurred in both male and female mice. This lesion was characterized by an increase both in number and basophilic staining intensity of the tubular epithelial cells. Regeneration was seen in the outer stripe of the outer medulla and extended into the medullary rays (pars recta); severity increased with dose. Female mice were more susceptible to the toxicity of HCBD than male mice. Although no adverse effects were observed at the 10-ppm level for male mice in the subchronic study, the regenerative lesion was present in female mice at 1 ppm, the lowest dose administered.
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PMID:Subchronic toxicology studies of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) in B6C3F1 mice by dietary incorporation. 263 70

Inoculation of mice with high doses of Streptococcus suis type 2 caused depression, anorexia, lethargy and sometimes death. This was prevented by prior inoculation of whole immune pig serum, the IgM and IgG fractions of immune pig serum and serum enriched with antibody to surface antigens. Clinical signs were not prevented by prior inoculation of pre-immune serum or serum depleted of antibody to surface antigens. Serum fractions that were protective in vivo were also opsonic in vitro. Western blot analysis identified two antigens of 44 and 78 kd that were recognized strongly by protective sera and a further four of 86, 94, 130 and 136 kd that were recognized less intensely.
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PMID:Studies of the protective effect of different fractions of sera from pigs immune to Streptococcus suis type 2 infection. 276 Feb 76


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