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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Self-reported and observer-rated signs and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal were assessed precessation and 2, 7, 14, 30, 90, and 180 days postcessation in smokers who quit on their own for 30 days. Anxiety, difficulty concentrating, hunger, irritability, restlessness, and weight gain increased, and heart rate decreased, postcessation (p less than .001). Except for hunger and weight gain, these symptoms returned to precessation levels by 30 days postcessation. Craving, depression, and alcohol or caffeine intake did not reliably increase. Postcessation depression, but not withdrawal symptoms, craving, or weight gain, predicted relapse. These results are consistent with prior studies.
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PMID:Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters. 140 84

This paper selectively reviews available evidence concerning psychological characteristics associated with obesity, psychological changes accompanying very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs), and the influence of certain psychological factors on response to VLCD treatment. The obese population as a whole does not show an elevated incidence of psychopathology. Treatment-seeking obese do show more psychiatric disturbance, at a level comparable to other medical/surgical patients. There appear to be no global personality traits or profiles that are associated with obesity. However, obese people differ from non-obese groups on psychological and behavioral variables related to weight and eating and more frequently display perceptual and emotional body image anomalies. Binge eating appears rather common among obese groups. VLCDs have generally neutral to positive effects on hunger, depression, and anxiety. New data on body image suggest that VLCDs are associated with post-treatment underestimation of body size. Finally, recent data on possible psychological and behavioral correlates of VLCDs outcome are presented.
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PMID:Psychological aspects of obesity and very-low-calorie diets. 161 81

Psychological aspects of dieting, including hunger and satiety sensations were explored in obese subjects during a placebo-controlled trial of the weight reducing potential of BRL 26830A, a thermogenic beta-3-agonist drug. Successful weight loss was associated with a reduction in the severity of reported depression. The initial degree of emotional disturbance and level of learned resourcefulness appeared to influence the subsequent weight lost. Subjects described few specific hunger and satiety sensations and these sensations did not generally alter during the trial. BRL 26830A, which promoted weight loss, did not significantly influence hunger and satiety sensations and was not associated with emotional disturbances during dieting. With BRL 26830A there was a reduction in the reported somatic symptoms of anxiety which was not apparent on placebo. These results suggest that the subjects' initial psychological state influences outcome when dieting and also that dynamic changes in psychological parameters occur with successful weight loss. Further, BRL 26830A had no effect on appetite and no adverse influence on the psychological functions tested during this study.
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PMID:Psychological aspects of dietary weight loss and medication with the atypical beta agonist BRL 26830A in obese subjects. 167 79

This article reviews and critiques community-based research on the effects of homelessness on children. Homeless children confront serious threats to their ability to succeed and their future well-being. Of particular concern are health problems, hunger, poor nutrition, developmental delays, anxiety, depression, behavioral problems, and educational underachievement. Factors that may mediate the observed outcomes include inadequate shelter conditions, instability in residences and shelters, inadequate services, and barriers to accessing services that are available. Public policy initiatives are needed to meet the needs of homeless children.
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PMID:The impact of homelessness on children. 177 54

Weekly variations in the nutrient intakes and the meal patterns of humans were investigated by paying 323 adult humans to maintain a 7-day diary of everything they ate, when they ate it, and their subjective states of hunger, depression, and anxiety. A marked weekly rhythm of nutrient intake was observed, with a greater total caloric intake and larger meal sizes on weekends associated with an increase in the duration of the meals and the number of other people present. The number of other people present had both significantly larger univariate correlations with meal size and multivariate Beta coefficients predicting meal size on weekends than on weekdays. The results support a hypothesis that the heightened intake on weekends results from increased social facilitation of intake resultant from a greater number of other people present at weekend meals and a greater flexibility to extend the duration of the meals on weekends.
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PMID:Weekly rhythms of spontaneous nutrient intake and meal pattern of humans. 177 47

This prospective study examined the use of the eating inventory and its association with adherence, attrition, and dysphoric emotional states on patients treated with a very low calorie diet (VLCD). Subjects were 81 severely (medically significant) obese patients (mean BMI (weight in kilograms/height in meters squared) for women 36.25; men 39.16) enrolled in a university-based weight reduction program employing a liquid protein supplement VLCD with behavior modification. The eating inventory's factors hunger and restraint successfully discriminated attrition/adherence groups while disinhibition did not. Subjects with scores above the mean on disinhibition and hunger and below the mean on restraint had consistently poorer outcomes. The hunger factor was significantly related to dietary nonadherence, with those scoring in the highest quartile on this dimension eating three times the number of calories of those scoring in the lowest quartile. Disinhibition and hunger were significantly related to anxiety and depression while restraint was not. These findings provide support for the use of the eating inventory in screening and treatment of severely obese patients receiving very low calorie diets.
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PMID:Predicting attrition and adherence to a very low calorie diet: a prospective investigation of the eating inventory. 234 Dec 26

The relationship of moderate alcohol intake to the subjective states of hunger, thirst, depression, and anxiety, to social facilitation, circadian rhythms, and the ingestion of other nutrients by humans spontaneously behaving in their natural environment was investigated. Ninety-six adults were paid to maintain 7-day diaries of everything they ingested, when and where they ingested it, the number of other people present, and their subjective states at the beginning and end of the meal. The data from the 64 subjects who reported alcohol intake were analyzed individually with univariate and multivariate regression techniques. Subjective states were not found to be associated with subsequent alcohol ingestion, but alcohol was found to be associated with a reduction in subsequent thirst and anxiety. The amount of alcohol ingested was found to be positively related to the amount of nonalcohol calories ingested, particularly carbohydrates, the hour of the day, and the number of other people present. These results suggest that moderate alcohol intake by normal humans in their natural environment is affected by a variety of influences, but is primarily related to the time of day and socio-cultural factors.
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PMID:Social, circadian, nutritional, and subjective correlates of the spontaneous pattern of moderate alcohol intake of normal humans. 234 66

Ratings of withdrawal symptoms were provided at weekly intervals by 147 smokers clinic clients who managed complete abstinence for 4 weeks. The ratings followed a similar temporal pattern regardless of amount of nicotine gum used. Irritability, depression, difficulty concentrating and restlessness peaked in the 1st week or two and returned to baseline by week 4. Hunger was more persistent. Craving was reported to be the most troublesome withdrawal symptom at first, although by the 4th week hunger was cited almost as often. Across all subjects, evenings were cited most often as the worst time of day for craving but among heavier smokers and those who used more nicotine gum mornings were considered worst.
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PMID:Time course of cigarette withdrawal symptoms while using nicotine gum. 250 1

No definitive therapy exists for anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN). Nevertheless, biologic and psychologic research into these disorders has increased over the last decade. We examine the various drugs available for treatment. Advances in pharmacotherapy for AN have been modest and have reflected efforts either to stimulate hunger and weight gain or to control complications of the starvation process. Food remains the "drug" of choice. Antidepressants have been found to be beneficial in the treatment of BN. The meaning of this in the context of a relation between BN and mood disorders remains unclear, since coexistent depression does not predict a positive response to these drugs. Pharmacotherapy represents a single but important dimension of the management of patients with eating disorders. The optimal integration of drug therapy and psychotherapy and the identification of predictors of a positive response to drugs have yet to be addressed by clinical research.
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PMID:Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. 275 43

A randomized, prospective, comparative study was performed to evaluate induction characteristics, haemodynamic changes and recovery in 60 ASA I-II patients undergoing mainly gynaecological laparotomies with either propofol or thiopentone-enflurane anaesthesia. The propofol group (n = 30) received 2 mg.kg-1 propofol for induction of anaesthesia followed by propofol infusion. The thiopentone-enflurane group (n = 30) received thiopentone 4 mg.kg-1 for induction followed by enflurane (0.5-2 per cent). All patients received nitrous oxide (66 per cent] in oxygen begun one minute after tracheal intubation, and fentanyl (1.5 micrograms.kg-1) four minutes prior to induction. Other drugs administered during or after anaesthesia were similar among the groups. Haemodynamic measurements were similar between propofol and enflurane groups except after tracheal intubation when the mean arterial pressure was lower in the propofol group (P less than 0.05). The propofol group had significantly less (P less than 0.01) emesis in the recovery room than the enflurane group. The propofol group experienced significantly less (P less than 0.05) dizziness, depression/sadness and hunger than the enflurane group in the postoperative period as assessed with a visual analogue questionnaire. We conclude that propofol provided better outcome than enflurane in terms of these nonvital but annoying outcome measures after relatively long intra-abdominal operations.
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PMID:Randomized comparison of outcome after propofol-nitrous oxide or enflurane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia in operations of long duration. 268 41


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