Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Restovar, a low dose combined oral contraceptive containing .75 mg lynestrenol and 37.5 mcg ethinyl estradiol was given to 83 women for up to 25 cycles or 1265 total. A cycle contained 22 pills begun on the first day of menstruation or withdrawal bleeding from previous pill cycles. Each woman was questioned regularly on side effects and bleeding, had weight and blood pressure taken, and received gynecologic exams before and after pill treatment. There were no pregnancies. Latency from end of the cycle to bleeding was 2-3 days in 87%; cycles lasted 28 days in 80%; bleeding lasted 3-4 days in 84%; flow was moderate in 72%; and spotting occurred in 4.2% of cylces and breakthrough bleeding in 2.4%; withdrawal bleeding was absent in 4.2% of cycles. The most common side effects were breast pain in 1.9% of cycles and headaches in 1.2%. These complaints as well as nausea, vomiting, leucorrhea, nervousness and depression were reported as less frequent or absent more often than present or aggravated. 6 women quit for drug related reasons. There was no significant weight change or hypertension (means 126/82 and 120/80 before and during Restovar. Thus this low dose pill is remarkably effective and well tolerated.
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PMID:[Clinical study of restovar, an oral contraceptive with a low estrogen content]. 114 76

Pregnon is a new low-dosage ovulation-inhibiting agent containing 1 mg of lynestrenol and .05 mg of ethinyl estradiol in each tablet. It is also marketed under the name of Pregnon 28 or Ovostat 28 in which each package contains 22 active plus 6 placebo tablets. Data were collected from Belgian clinics and evaluated by the Medical Unit of Organon in Belgium and the Netherlands. During this study, 639 women of fertile age were monitored through 9159 cycles. The maximum period of treatment was 36 cycles. Clinical and gynecological examinations were made before treatment and then every 2 or 3 months. Treatment was begun by taking the 1st tablet on the 1st day of menstruation. After taking 22 tablets there was a 6-day tablet-free interval during which withdrawal bleeding usually occurred. The intensity of the withdrawal bleeding was normal in 57.3%, slight in 41.7%, and heavy in 1%. Spotting was noted in 3.1% of the cycles and breakthrough bleeding occurred in 2.9%. Usually they occurred in the first 3 cycles. Amenorrhea was observed in 2.9% of the cycles. Body weights were relatively unchanged. Blood pressures remained the same. Side effects were headache, nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, heavy legs, leucorrhea, nervousness, depression, and decreased libido. Only 46 patients discontinued treatment because of these drug effects yielding an acceptability level of about 93%. Since no pregnancies occurred during this study, the Pearl index was 0.
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PMID:Clinical evaluation of a new oral contraceptive, 'Pregnon'. 114 83

In two Norwegian industrial companies 234 women of menstruating age were examined by the industrial nurse with regard to menstrual complaints. Every second woman experienced pain, 23% had consulted a doctor previously, about 30% had to stay in bed, and about 30% had been absent from work recently due to dysmenorrhea. Although pain was prevalent in all age groups, there were age-specific differences in other complaints, such as headache and depression, which were more frequent among the older women. In a selected group of 32 women with severe complaints, the history and gynecological examination indicated secondary dysmenorrhea in only a few cases. Hormonal assays and endometrial biopsy indicated anovulatory cycles in 4 out of 12 women, in spite of dysmenorrhea.
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PMID:Dysmenorrhea in industrial workers. 116 18

Between May and September 1973, 68 cases of scrub typhus in Chinese military personnel on the Pescadores Islands were studied. The common symptoms and signs were fever, chills, headache, eschar, myalgia, and lymph node enlargement. Most eschars were located in the axilla, waist, groin and genitals, and neck. These lesions were painless and not noticed by the patients themselves. Regional lymph node enlargement at the site of eschar drainage was common. Relative bradycardia with fever was observed in 40%, a skin rash in 35% of the patients. Leucopenia was noted more frequently in the febrile than in the convalescent stage, but more than half of the patients had a normal count. Lymphocytosis was prominent, especially during the convalescent period. An acceleration of ESR was noted. Instead of depression of the erythroid series in the marrow which was reported previously, 47% of examined patients were found to have erythroid hyperplasia. Two patients showed marked hypocellularity of the marrow in the acute febrile stage; later on became normocellular. Albuminuria was present in 15 and BUN increased in 12 patients. Elevation of serum bilirubin and SGOT was also noted. Biologic false positive VDRL tests were observed in nine patients. In 30 tests elevation of Proteus OX-K titres between 1:160 and 1:640 was noted. A geometric mean OX-K titre rise in the patients is presented; the mean titre reached a peak in the third week of illness, and then fell off. Most of the patients were treated with tetracycline 500 mg every six hours for about nine days. The fever usually subsided within 36 hours. Complications or mortality were not encountered.
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PMID:Clinical observations of scrub typhus on Penghu (the Pescadores Islands). 117 79

The side effects of using estrogen treatments to relieve menopausal symptoms in women are presented. Estrogens are effective in relieving headaches, vertigo, palpitations, and nervous symptoms such as depression, as well as degeneration and atrophy of the genital organs. In Norway, 2.5% of women over 45 as compared with 50% in the U.S. use estrogens to relieve menopausal symptoms. The incidence of endometrial cancer has risen from 9.2/100,000 in 1955 to 15.4 in 1974. Increased susceptibility to endometrial cancer has been linked to long-term use of estrogens, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and nulliparity. In American studies, Premarin has been associated with increased risk of cancer related to the chemical equilinine, which has a long half-life. After menopause, the need for estrogen is met by the conversion of androstenedione, which is produced by the adrenal gland. When estrogens are taken, it may result in an overstimulation of the endometrium, which could cause cancer. Estrogens have bene found useful and safe for short-term relief of menopausal symptoms, and any patient using estrogens should be under routine observation to prevent development of cancer.
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PMID:[From the Adverse Drug Reaction Committee. Can long-term estrogen treatment induce uterine neoplasms in post-climacteric women?]. 125 36

At their first visit to a hospital clinic 178 patients referred with a diagnosis of hypertension were given a self-administered questionnaire. They received a similar questionnaire 12 months later. Of the 178 patients 99 were not initially on treatment. Similarly 78 normotensive subjects were drawn randomly from the local population and sent a second questionnaire 10 months later. The symptoms at the first visit of the normotensive controls, the untreated hypertensive patients, and 477 patients on long-term treatment in the hypertension clinic were compared. Treated and untreated hypertensive patients complained more of nocturia and also of unsteadiness either on standing or in the morning. Treated hypertensives complained more of sleepiness, dry mouth, diarrhoea, and, in men, impotence and failure of ejaculation. Similarly, untreated hypertensives complained of excessive depression, blurred vision, and waking headache. Fifty-five of the normotensive subjects and 110 of the newly referred hypertensive patients responded to the second questionnaire. The proportions losing and gaining symptoms were calculated together with the proportions always complaining and never complaining of a symptom. Hypertensive patients tended to lose the complaints of unsteadiness and headache but to gain the symptoms of vivid dreams, a slow walking pace, and diarrhoea. The net improvement for a symptom was defined as the excess of patients who lost a symptom over those who gained the symptom, expressed as a percentage. Over the follow-up period the control subjects had a net improvement averaged over 14 symptoms of +2-4 per cent. A similar result was obtained for the hypertensive patients of +2-0 per cent, the symptoms lost being balanced by those gained. The changes in symptoms with time were related to the changes in blood pressure and it is suggested that only headache, 'unsteadiness, lightheadedness, or faintness' and nocturia can actually result from raised blood pressure and then only in a proportion of patients complaining of these symptoms.
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PMID:Change in symptoms of hypertensive patients after referral to hospital clinic. 125 26

Information on smoking habits and a subjective self-estimate of general state of health was collected by means of a questionnaire from 400 conscripts in Northern Finland. The data were treated by factor analysis. Long-term fatigue, frequent headache, insomnia and occasional depression were less frequent among non-smokers than among smokers.
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PMID:Smoking and the subjective health condition among Finnish military conscripts. 127 47

The female climacteric is attributed to physiological ovarian failure with the consequent decrease in the secretions of oestrogen, progestones and androgens. Numerous metabolic, psychological and physical changes have been associated with this event. Oral discomfort, including the burning mouth syndrome and the dry mouth syndrome, has been described as a menopausal symptom. However, the relationship between the hormonal changes related to climacteric and the onset of oral discomfort is still controversial. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of oral symptoms, with particular regard to burning sensation, xerostomia, altered taste and recurrent oral ulcerations. The relationship between oral and climacteric symptoms and psychological status of the patients was also evaluated. A questionnaire was administered to 136 women (mean age: 51.2 years, range 40-62) being consecutively referred to the University Hospital Menopause Clinic from October 1991 to March 1992. The questionnaire included informations regarding menopausal state, oral symptoms, drug assumption, wearing of partial or total dentures, parafunctions (lip and cheek biting, bruxism, tongue thrusting). Climacteric symptoms including flushes/sweats, palpitations, headache, arthralgia/myalgia, vaginal dryness, decreased concentration, tiredness, decreased libido, insomnia, vertigo were evaluated. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used where appropriate. Information regarding the alteration of the psychological status was collected by means of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Statistical analysis was performed by chi 2 test or Fisher's Exact Probability Test and Mann-Whitney U-test. The level of significance accepted was 5%. The subjects in this study were divided into two groups on the basis of their answers to the questionnaire: group I (no. 39), premenopausal women; group II (no. 97), menopausal women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Oral symptoms in the climacteric. A prevalence study]. 129 73

Studies of regional cerebral blood flow in migraine with aura have shown that the aura phase is associated with hypoperfusion in the cortical area which relates topographically to the clinical symptoms. Thus, the previously hypoperfused area becomes hyperperfused. However, there is no strict association between hyperperfusion and headache. The mode of hypoperfusion propagation recalls the circulatory manifestations of experimental cortical spreading depression. In addition, there are no focal cerebral blood flow abnormalities in migraine without aura. During the headache phase of migraine, dilation of both the large extra- and intracranial arteries takes place. A bulk of biochemical evidence has suggested that the pain in migraine is caused by blood vessels which are dilated and sensitized by circulating pain-producing substances e.g. bradykinin, serotonin and histamine (sterile inflammation). Recently, perivascular trigeminal fibres (trigeminovascular system) which, when stimulated, release sensory peptides (substance P and the calcitonin gene-related peptide) capable of provoking marked vasodilation and plasma extravasation (neurogenic inflammation) have been identified. Thus, the activation of the trigeminovascular system is probably involved in the vasodilatative and nociceptive phenomena of the migraine attack. The finding of a reduced endorphinergic brain tonus in migraine patients supports the hypothesis of a central nociceptive derangement in migraine. Nonetheless, the exact relationship between vasodilation and headache remains to be defined. However, the potent antimigraine effectiveness of sumatriptan--an agonist of the serotonin receptors which selectively constricts dilated arteries during the migraine attack--once again stresses the fact that serotonin is probably the crucial factor in the link between vasodilation and headache.
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PMID:[The pathogenetic bases of hemicrania]. 129 98

For over half a century the generally accepted views on the pathogenesis of migraine were based on the theories of Harold Wolff implicating changes in cerebral vascular tone in the development of migraine. Recent studies, which are based on Leao's concept of spreading depression, favor primary neuronal injury with secondary involvement of the cerebral circulation. In contrast to migraine, the pathogenesis of cluster headache (CH) remains entirely elusive. Both migraine and CH are cyclical disorders which are characterised by spontaneous exacerbations and remissions, seasonal variability of symptoms, and a relationship to a variety of environmental trigger factors. CH in particular has a strong circadian and seasonal regularity. It is now well established that the pineal gland is an adaptive organ which maintains and regulates cerebral homeostasis by "fine tuning" biological rhythms through the mediation of melatonin. Since migraine and CH reflect abnormal adaptive responses to environmental influences resulting in heightened neurovascular reactivity, I propose that the pineal gland is a critical mediator in their pathogenesis. This novel hypothesis provides a framework for future research and development of new therapeutic modalities for these chronic headache syndromes. The successful treatment of a patient with an acute migraine attack with external magnetic fields, which acutely inhibit melatonin secretion in animals and humans, attests to the importance of the pineal gland in the pathogenesis of migraine headache.
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PMID:The influence of the pineal gland on migraine and cluster headaches and effects of treatment with picoTesla magnetic fields. 130 31


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