Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purposes of this study were: (1) to test the usefulness of intensive design in detecting the effects of an established antianxiety agent in a single patient studied for a period as brief as 8 weeks and (2) to explore the usefulness of combining intensive and extensive designs by jointly analyzing the results from several similarly treated patients. Fifteen primarily anxious, psychoneurotic patients aged 21-50 and scoring 17 or more on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale were admitted to the study; and 11 completed the full treatment program. Medications were diazepam 5 mg t.i.d. and a matching placebo, administered under double-blind conditions. Patients were treated for 8 weeks, divided into 42-week blocks. In each block, the patient received diazepam 1 week and placebo the other, with the order in each block determined at random. The patient came weekly for evaluation, including, self-ratings on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL), global status, global change; reports of occupational and social function; resting pulse; reaction time; psychiatrist's ratings on the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, global status and global change. The patient also reported daily his mood on the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Mean deviations from the general trend for post-diazepam and postplacebo scores on each criterion were compared within patients. Diazepam-placebo differences on each criterion were analyzed between patients. Criteria that clearly recorded the anti-anxiety effect of diazepam as compared to placebo included the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, the psychiatrist's global status and global change ratings, the SCL Anxiety and Somatization Scales, and the POMS Anxiety Scale. Other criteria that showed a reliable diazepam effect included SCL Depression (decrease), POMS Vigor (increase), POMS Fatigue (decrease), SCL Anger (increase), and reaction time (increase). The most sensitive criteria distinguished diazepam from placebo even when results were considered only from the first 6 patients during their first 4 weeks of treatment- a total of 24 patient weeks of treatment. The factors contributing to the sensitivity of this design were investigated and discussed.
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PMID:Intensive design in evaluating anxiolytic agents. 1 97

A nonblind clinical study was carried out by administering Lorazepam at a low dosage to patients with a light to moderate state of reactive anxiety. The drug was shown to be effective in the management of the target symptoms studied: anorexia, sleep induction, rhythm, and duration disturbances, depression, irritability and moodiness, fatigue, anxiety and tension, somatic anxiety, social adaptation. The results obtained are practically identical to those reported in the literature for higher doses. Moreover, low-dose Lorazepam was well tolerated and without undesired side-effects.
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PMID:[Use of an anxiolytic agent (lorazepam) in low doses in the treatment of anxiety states]. 1 89

Studies of the effect of induced mood on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) suggested that naturally occurring mood might also covary with the ANS. Ss were 13 men and women aged 20 to 70. Fatigue, confusion, and depression were measured on the Profile of Mood States, while barometric pressure and the ANS indices of heart rate and body temperature were also recorded. Fatigue and confusion each showed negative relationships to both heart rate and body temperature. Barometric pressure showed a suggestively positive relationship to the mood of depression. Hypothalamic serotonin concentration was suggested as a central factor producing the covariations between the mood indices (alertness and clear thinking) and the ANS measures.
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PMID:Alertness and clear thinking as characteristics of high naturally occurring autonomic nervous system arousal. 2 43

Subtle problems of perplexity, distractibility, and fatigue accompany all kinds of brain injury for they appear to result from disruption of accustomed neural pathways and loss or change of mental function. Emotional disturbances may mask these subtle problems, but they can also result from them. Clinical experience indicates that these problems are more apt to become stressful when the patient misinterprets or copes ineffectively with them. That these common problems of brain injured adults may be overlooked in the usual clinical examination was shown in a comparison of clinical records of 50 patients referred for neuropsychological consultation with records of 46 patient-participants in a longitudinal neuropsychological study. Significantly more reports of these problems appeared in the latter group of records. However, consultation records did reflect emotional distress. Irritability, depression, or anxiety affected all but six consultation patients and appeared with equal frequency among working patients as among those unable to work or needing full-time care. This suggests that some of their emotional distress resulted from less obvious problems than those impairing mobility, strength, or competency. Counseling can reduce the patient's vulnerability to the psychologically crippling effects of perplexity, distractibility, and fatigue. Specific recommendations for patient and family counseling are offered.
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PMID:Subtle sequelae of brain damage. Perplexity, distractibility, and fatigue. 2 22

Thirty-four ambulatory medical patients who had used minor tranquilizers for varying lengths of time were interviewed to determine their medical and psychiatric statuses, and to learn their own perspective of their medical care. The population was elderly of lower socioeconomic status, and chronically ill (a significant minority with serious and disabling illness). Depressive equivalents, depression, and anxiety were prominent, but clinical states requiring psychiatric care were not. Slightly less than one-half were alcoholic. Forty-one percent took the medications for target symptoms other than anxiety, and 76% believed these agents were efficacious. Chronic users had significantly more chronic medical illness, and significantly more somatization, anxiety, and fatigue.
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PMID:Neighborhood health center patients who use minor tranquilizers. 3 12

The metabolic effects of 60-min exposure to 250-2000 mg gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) per kilogram or 150-1200 mg gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) per kilogram were studied in rats by measurement of the cerebral hemisphere contents of energy phosphates and glycolytic-Krebs' cycle metabolites. A general pattern of increased glycogen and glucose with decreased pyruvate, lactate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and malate was observed. This pattern in association with unchanged adenylates and decreased energy phosphate utilization was consistent with a metabolic adaptation to a state of cerebral depression. The major qualitative difference between the two drugs was that higher doses of GBL were associated with additional decreases of citrate and glutamate. Since these doses of GBL were also associated with acute increases of arterial CO2 tension, it is proposed that these differences were secondary to hypercapnia and not due to a distinctive primary action of GBL. Derivation of the cytoplasmic NAD(P)H:NAD(P)+ ratios indicated that GHB and GBL were not associated with consistent alterations of the cytoplasmic redox state.
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PMID:A comparison of the effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactone on cerebral carbohydrate metabolism. 4 Jun 77

Physical fatigue is a painful phenomenon which is localised in overstressed muscles. Mental fatigue is a diffuse sensation of weariness; it is a functional state, one of several intermediate conditions between the two extremes of alarm and sleep. A neurophysiological model of fatigue, involving an activating and inhibitory system has been developed. Fatigue in industrial practice has clinical symptoms: psychic instability, fits of depression and increased liability to illness. Indicators of fatigue are work of performance, subjective feelings of fatigue, electroencephalography, flicker-fusion frequency and various psychomotor and mental tests. Several field studies do, to some extent, confirm the above-mentioned concept of fatigue.
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PMID:Fatigue in industry. 4 Sep 99

Intermittent hyperthyreosis occurs under various forms of stress, especially heat stress. The clinician may diagnose such cases as masked or apathetic hyperthyroidism or "forme fruste" hyperthyreosis or thyroid autonomy. As most routine and standard tests may here yield inconsistent results, it is the patients' anamnesis which may provide the clue. Our Bioclimatology Unit has now seen over 100 cases in which thyroid hypersensitivity towards heat was the most prominent syndrome: 10-15% of weather-sensitive patients are affected. The patients complain before or during heat spells of such contradictory symptoms as insomnia, irritability, tension, tachycardia, palpitations, precordial pain, dyspnoe, flushes with sweating or chills, tremor, abdominal pain or diarrhea, polyuria or pollakisuria, weight loss in spite of ravenous appetite, fatigue, exhaustion, depression, adynamia, lack of concentration and confusion. Determination of urinary neurohormones allows a differential diagnosis, intermittent hyperthyreosis being characterized by three cardinal symptoms: 1. tachycardia -- every case with more than 80 pulse beats being suspect (not specific); 2. urinary histamine -- every case excreting more than 90 mug/day being suspect. Again the drawback of this test is its lack of specificity, as histamine may also be increased in cases of allergy and spondylitis; 3. urinary thyroxine -- every case excreting more than 20 mug/day T-4 being suspect. This is the only specific test. Therapy should make use of lithium carbonate and beta-blockers. Propyl thiouracil is rarely required.
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PMID:Intermittent hyperthyreosis -- a heat stress syndrome. 5 84

An inventory of 69 somatic discomforts was used to identify those discomforts most likely to be concurrent with a clinically severe depression in a sample of 223 recently hospitalized women. The inventory provided scores for each of 15 classes of discomfort. The classes of discomfort with the highest average score for the depressed sample at admission also yielded significantly lower scores for a nonpatient control sample (P less than .05). The four classes of discomfort most pertinent to depression were designated autonomic, wakefulness, dry mouth, and fatigue. The items of discomfort contributing to these classes showed a statistically significant diminution in severity during treatment (P less than .05).
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PMID:Somatic discomforts among depressed women. 10 3

Mental factors frequently play a decisive role in the conditional setup of many accidents. Analysis of the mental factors determining the cause of accidents show these to be by far often mental factors of a non-pathological nature, such as personality factors, disordered concentration and alertness in conflict situations, overstrain and fatigue, than factors conditioned by illness, e.g. as associated with depression or schizophrenia. Psychological alterations in subjects of advanced age constitute a border area of high significance in medical science concerned with traffic safety. In the consulting room, particular attention should be paid to the recognition of potential risk constellations in traffic precipitated by alcohol or drugs.
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PMID:[Psychiatric diseases and driving fitness (author's transl)]. 11 22


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