Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although the more recently introduced antipsychotic drugs are increasing in popularity, the pattern of symptomatology when taken in overdose is not well defined. We monitored all enquiries to the National Poisons Information Service, London (NPIS, London) concerning antipsychotic drugs over a 9-month period in 1997 and report our findings concerning four drugs (olanzapine, clozapine, risperidone and sulpiride). All overdoses involving a single agent were followed up by a letter to the enquirer requesting details and outcome of the case. Although a total of 574 enquiries involving the selected antipsychotic drugs were received, only 45 of these cases involved overdose with a single agent. There were no fatalities or cases of convulsions in the series. Cardiac arrhythmias were only noted with sulpiride. Symptoms were most marked with clozapine, with a majority of patients experiencing agitation, dystonia, central nervous system (CNS) depression and tachycardia. Olanzapine and sulpiride produced a range of different symptoms, while most patients who had taken risperidone were asymptomatic. Monitoring poisons centre enquiries is a useful way of comparing overdose toxicities. We conclude that at least two of the novel antipsychotic agents, olanzapine and risperidone, appear to have a favourable overdose profile, which suggests that they are safer in overdose than the phenothiazines and butyrophenones.
 ...
PMID:Overdose profiles of new antipsychotic agents. 1134 78

Facial spasms that distort facial expression are typically due to facial dystonia, tics, and hemifacial spasm (HFS). Psychogenic facial spasms, however, have not been well characterized. The authors sought to 1) determine prevalence of psychogenic facial spasm in patients referred for evaluation of HFS and 2) draw attention to clinical characteristics and potential diagnostic pitfalls. Among 210 consecutive patients referred for evaluation of HFS, 5 (2.4%) received diagnoses of psychogenic facial spasm. All patients were female; mean age was 34.6 years (range 26-45) and mean symptom duration 1.1 years (range 2 wk-2 yr). Onset was left-sided in 3 patients, and the lid was the initial site affected in 2 patients. This series of patients shows that facial spasms, although usually of neurovascular etiology, may be the initial or only manifestation of a psychogenic movement disorder, often associated with an underlying depression.
 ...
PMID:Psychogenic hemifacial spasm. 1151 45

Examination of 85 female inpatients with psychogenic neurotic mood disorders aged from 18 to 48 years has found the following depression syndrome variants: asthenic (42 patients), anxiety (14), asthenoanxiety (15), anxiety-melancholic (14). Hypothymia both mildly or moderately expressed and psychosomatic disorders as functional disturbances of reproductive, nervous and cardiovascular systems, were found. These disturbances were qualified as somatoform disorders. The most typical was autonomic dystonia syndrome. During the course of depression, somatization of psychic disorders was increasing, being most distinct in asthenic variants.
 ...
PMID:[Psychogenic neurotic depression in women (psychopathological and psychosomatic aspects)]. 1176 6

We review epidemiological data on primary blepharospasm (BSP). There is a large variation in the stated prevalence of BSP, with crude estimates ranging from 16 to 133 per million in different studies. A large proportion of this variability may be the result of differences in physician education on BSP. Age and female gender may increase the risk of developing BSP. The few case-control studies focusing on adult dystonias including BSP showed an increased risk in association with family history of dystonia and/or postural tremor, prior head and face trauma, and prior eye disease (e.g., blepharitis and keratoconjunctivitis), and a decreased risk associated with cigarette smoking. No association was found with age-related medical conditions such as hypertension and diabetes, family history of parkinsonism, and a history of anxiety or depression. Broocks et al. [Am J Psychiatry, 1998;155:555-557] found a significantly higher frequency of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in BSP than hemifacial spasm despite the clinical similarity. Among putative risk factors for BSP, age at onset, female gender, and prior head or face trauma may affect spread of dystonia to adjacent body regions. While limited, the body of epidemiological data support the idea that environmental and familial, possibly genetic, factors may both be important in the etiology of BSP.
 ...
PMID:Epidemiology of primary blepharospasm. 1183 33

Transcranial color coded sonography has proved valuable in the diagnostic work-up of cerebrovascular disorders in adults. More recently, evidences have converged that transcranial sonography is also useful in the diagnosis of brain parenchymal disorders. Here, a new field of application is the visualization of signal intensity shift in specific brain areas in some neurodegenerative disorders (Parkinson's disease, idiopathic dystonia, and depression). Findings obtained by transcranial ultrasound complement information from other neuroimaging data in these disorders and have led to the generation of new pathophysiological concepts. In this review we summarize the application fields of transcranial sonography with special emphasis on recent findings in neurodegenerative disorders and their implications for future research. As new application and processing techniques are being developed transcranial color coded sonography will gain increasing impact on both diagnosis and research of neurological disorders.
 ...
PMID:Perspectives of B-mode transcranial ultrasound. 1184 90

Modulation of cerebral excitability is thought to be one mechanism underlying the pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases such as epilepsy, depression, and dystonia. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been tested for several years as a nonpharmacological, noninvasive method of directly influencing patients' cortical functions. We present an overview of the more easily performed transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with weak current, which produces distinctly more pronounced changes in excitability than rTMS. The basic underlying mechanism is a shift in the resting membrane potential towards either hyper- or depolarisation, depending on stimulation polarity. This in turn leads to changes in the excitability of cortical neurons. Anodic stimulation increases cortical excitability, while cathodic stimulation decreases it. These changes persist after the end of stimulation if the stimulation lasts long enough, i.e., at least several minutes. The duration of this aftereffect can be controlled through the duration and intensity of the stimulation. Transcranial direct current stimulation essentially allows a focal, selective, reversible, pain-free, and noninvasive induction of changes in cortical excitability, the therapeutic potential of which must be evaluated in clinical studies, once possible risk factors have been assessed.
 ...
PMID:[Modulation of cortical excitability by transcranial direct current stimulation]. 1204 Sep 80

The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) and depression in essential blepharospasm (BSP) and idiopathic cervical dystonia (CD), to identify the clinical and demographic factors associated with poor HR-QoL in both disorders and to analyse the effect of Botulinum Toxin A (BtxA) therapy. Two hundred-twenty consecutive patients with BSP (N = 89, 62 % women, mean age 64 years, mean disease duration 7 years) and CD (N = 131, 64 % women, mean age 53 years, mean disease duration 8 years) recruited from routine referrals to eight Austrian dystonia clinics were included. HR-QoL was measured by the Short Form 36 (SF-36) and depression by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). At baseline, patients with CD and BSP scored significantly worse in all eight SF-36 domains compared with an age-matched community sample. In addition, 47 % of patients with CD and 37 % of those with BSP were depressed. Women with BSP scored significantly lower in all SF-36 domains and were more depressed than male patients. In contrast, there was no significant effect of gender on HR-QoL and depression in CD. Neck pain had a significant impact on all SF-36 domains and represented the main determinant of depression in CD. Although BtxA therapy resulted in a significant improvement of clinical symptoms in BSP and CD, HR-QoL did not improve in BSP and only two of the eight SF-36 domains improved significantly in patients with CD. The present study for the first time demonstrated that BSP has a substantial impact on health status emphasizing the need for psychological support with interventions aimed at treating depression in these patients. Our results provide further evidence for the profound impact of CD on HR-QoL and indicate the importance of an adequate management of neck pain in addition to reducing the severity of dystonia in CD. The mismatch between objective BtxA derived improvement of dystonia and lack of change of HR-QoL as determined by the SF-36 illustrates the need for optimized disease specific quality of life rating scales in patients with craniocervical dystonia.
 ...
PMID:The impact of blepharospasm and cervical dystonia on health-related quality of life and depression. 1214 Jun 67

Past clinical research has identified depression as the most common psychiatric disorder associated with cervical dystonia (CD). The purpose of our study is to document different patterns of psychopathology, the frequency of psychiatric disorders, and possible correlation with the neurological disorder in patients with CD. Forty patients with CD were investigated to assess levels of psychopathology on two self-rated scales: the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Symptom Check List (SCL-90). To determine the presence of psychiatric disorders, the patients were evaluated using the standard instrument in the DSM-III-R (Structured Clinical Interview Schedule, SCID). A small group of dystonic patients (12%) had higher levels of psychopathology, with significant amounts of concomitant anxiety and depression on the BDI and SCL-90. SCID criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder were fulfilled in 22 patients (55%), including both the lifetime and current diagnoses. The most frequent diagnostic categories were anxiety (40%) and major depressive disorders (37.5%). In 17 patients (42.5%), criteria for at least one lifetime diagnosis were fulfilled prior to the onset of CD. Psychiatric evaluation does not indicate one specific disorder associated with CD. The presence of anxiety and depression symptoms before and during the course of dystonia, without a possible causal relationship, could mean that the alteration of a chain of physiological events in the central nervous system may not lead to a single clinical picture. The relatively high overall lifetime prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders may indicate the need for a broader diagnostic and therapeutic approach to patients with focal dystonia.
 ...
PMID:Relation between depression and anxiety in dystonic patients: implications for clinical management. 1241 33

Sixty patients with abuse headache (AHA) (58 women and 2 men, mean age 44.5 years) and 10 age- and sex-matched controls have been studied. AHA diagnostic criteria were as follows: daily or almost daily headache, daily or every other day use of analgesics, primary headache (migraine or headache of tension--HAT) in anamnesis, uneffectiveness of medication. Clinico-neurological analysis, headache diary, Beck depression scale, Spilberger Trait/State Inventory, "Pain lifetime anamnesis", autonomic dystonia questionnaire, evaluation of night-time sleep score subjective characteristics and nociceptive flexor reflex (R-111) (NFR) determination were used. The results obtained confirmed the literature data that analgesics abuse in migraine resulted in AHA 2 times more often than in HAT. The causes were mainly psychogenic: mood improvement, night-time sleep normalization and post-stress cephalgia intensification. An influence of such factors as age and menopause was not found. Headache was of mixed character with features of both migraine and HAT and was not dependent on cephalgia type in anamnesis. Quantity of analgesics taken by the patients ranged from 40 to 120 tablets a month and influenced, in general, a speed of primary HA to AHA transformation. For AHA formation, systematic analgesics intake was more significant comparing to its absolute quantity. Pronounced psycho-autonomic disorders and night-time sleep disturbances in AHA were revealed. In analgesics abuse, pain and NFR thresholds were significantly higher as compared to controls. However, pain to reflex thresholds ratio proved to be reduced that indicated a relative deficiency of antinociceptive system which is necessary for pain syndrome reduction.
 ...
PMID:[Psychophysiological features of analgesics abuse headache]. 1244 59

Sydenham's chorea (SC) occurs weeks or months after Group A streptococcal infection, and is characterized by involuntary, purposeless movements of the limbs, in addition to behavioural alteration. There is a body of evidence which suggests that SC is an immune-mediated brain disorder with regional localization to the basal ganglia. Recent reports have suggested that the spectrum of post-streptococcal CNS disease is broader than chorea alone, and includes other hyperkinetic movement disorders (tics, dystonia and myoclonus). In addition, there are high rates of behavioural sequelae, particularly emotional disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety and depression. These findings have lead to the hypothesis that similar immune-mediated basal ganglia processes may be operating in common neuropsychiatric disease such as tic disorders, Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This review analyses the historical aspects of post-streptococcal CNS disease, and the recent immunological studies which have addressed the hypothesis that common neuropsychiatric disorders may be secondary to basal ganglia autoimmunity.
 ...
PMID:Autoimmunity and the basal ganglia: new insights into old diseases. 1261 82


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>